Table 3. Kinetic features of people with DS extracted from the studies included in the review.

Study	Sample size and age	Evaluation aim	Intervention	Main outcomes in the DS group
Carmeli et al., 200229)	CG: 10 (mean age: 63.5 ± 2.0 years)DS: 16 (63.3 ± 4.8)	To compare isokinetic leg strength and dynamic balance after and before treadmill training.	Treadmill walking program lasting 6 months	Improvements on knee extension and isokinetic flexion strength.
Ulrich et al., 200430)	DS: 12 (8–10 years)CG: 12 (8–10 years)	Compare the global levels of stiffness and force.	Walking on a treadmill at speeds slower and faster than preferred.	Both groups adapted to imposed speed increases similarly by increasing their global stiffness and angular impulse. Higher angular impulse values for children with DS.
Kubo et al., 200646)	CG: 10 (8–10 years) DS: 12 (8–10 years)	Assessing pelvis and HAT movements and their coordination during treadmill walking in the AP and ML directions.	Walking on a treadmill at 40%, 75% and 110% of preferred walking speed.	Higher kinetic energy ratio in mediolateral direction.
Gomes et al., 200731)	CG: 9 (19–29 years) DS: 9 (19–29 years)	Examine the effects of visual and somatosensory information on body sway.	Stood in upright stance in four experimental conditions: no vision and no touch; vision and no touch; no vision and touch; and vision and touch.	Both groups used vision and touch to reduce overall body sway. Individuals with DS still oscillated more.
Galli et al., 200811)	CG: 30 (5–13 years) DS: 98 (6–15 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Increased peak hip flexor moment at initial contact. Increased hip extensor moment in stance phase. Ankle: short dorsiflexor peak at beginning of stance phase and reduction in peak ankle moment; great hip rigidity.
Rigoldi et al., 200922)	DS: 9 CG: 10 Children (age not available)	Associate cerebral volumes with walking characteristics.	None.	Lower power during terminal stance. Decreased peak dorsiflexion/plantar flexion moment; lower ankle generated power.
Cimolin et al., 20101)	DS: 21 (18–39 years) PW: 19 (17–40 years) CG: 20 (33.4 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Reduced push-off force during terminal stance. Greater hip and knee stiffness. Lower peak ankle power during terminal stance. Greater hip and reduced ankle stiffness.
Rigoldi et al., 20112)	DS groups: 10 children (9.2 years), 15 adolescents (16.7 years), 16 adults (37.3 years); CG (mean age: 8.1, 18.0 and 37.6 years, respectively)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Reduction in peak ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion moment and related generated power; higher hip-generated power; reduction in power of knee and ankle.
Rigoldi et al., 201222)	DS: 16 (31–45 years) ED: 12 (36–59 years) CG: 20 (30–50 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Greater hip-generated work. Less ankle-generated work. Greater hip and reduced ankle stiffness.
Salami et al., 201413)	DS: 21 (18–29 years) CG: 18 (21–30 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Lower external kinetic energy in both conditions.
Wu et al., 2010 21)	DS: 10 (9.1 years) CG: 10 (9.3 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Harmonics of power spectrum showed similar frequencies in DS and CG groups.
Wu et al., 201423)	DS: 10 (7–10 years) CG: 10 (7–10 years)	To investigate the effect of both walking speed and external ankle load on the kinetic patterns of treadmill walking.	Treadmill speeds were set at 75% and 100% of the preferred walking speed.	At faster treadmill speed, increase in propulsion duration, unloading rate and vertical propulsive impulse.Age is expressed as range or mean, according to availability.CG: control group; DS: Down syndrome; NA: not available.

Age is expressed as range or mean, according to availability.

CG: control group; DS: Down syndrome; NA: not available.