Table 1. Diagnostic markers of sepsis.
| Category | Biomarker | Ability to predict | Patients | Variables | AUC | 95% CI | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soluble receptors | Presepsin | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [93] (n = 72), healthy controls or SIRS (n = 43) | Presepsin | 0.954 | 0.910 – 0.998 | [31] |
| PCT | 0.847 | 0.793 – 0.955 | |||||
| CRP | 0.859 | 0.782 – 0.936 | |||||
| Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [93] (n = 73), healthy controls or SIRS (n = 45) | Presepsin | 0.937 | [30] | |||
| PCT | 0.915 | ||||||
| hs-CRP | 0.853 | ||||||
| IL-6 | 0.869 | ||||||
| sTREM-1 | Differentiation between SIRS and sepsis | Sepsis [93] (n = 52), SIRS (n = 38) | sTREM-1 | 0.78 | 0.69 – 0.86 | [94] | |
| PCT | 0.65 | 0.53 – 0.76 | |||||
| APACHE II | 0.71 | 0.60 – 0.81 | |||||
| Septic shock diagnosis | Septic shock [95] (n = 60), healthy controls (n = 30) | sTREM-1 | 0.955 | [96] | |||
| PCT | 0.844 | ||||||
| CRP | 0.791 | ||||||
| IL-6 | 0.898 | ||||||
| suPAR | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [95] (n = 40), healthy controls (n = 40) | suPAR | 0.99 | 0.93 – 1.00 | [18] | |
| Lactate | 0.84 | 0.74 – 0.91 | |||||
| Membrane receptors | CD64 | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 151), healthy controls (n = 20) | CD64 | 0.879 | 0.795 – 0.962 | [20] |
| PCT | 0.868 | 0.795 – 0.962 | |||||
| CRP | 0.609 | 0.491 – 0.727 | |||||
| SOFA | 0.701 | 0.579 – 0.874 | |||||
| DAMP | Calprotectin | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 77), non-sepsis (n = 194) | CaPT | 0.67 | [42] | |
| PCT | 0.55 | ||||||
| Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 300), healthy controls (n = 53) | CaPT | 0.901 | 0.852 – 0.942 | [44] | ||
| CC chemokine ligand 2 | MCP-1 | Septic shock diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 43), healthy controls (n = 25) | MCP-1 | 0.716 | 0.564 – 0.868 | [15] |
| PTX-3 | 0.798 | 0.666 – 0.921 | |||||
| Angpt-1 | 0.501 | 0.320 – 0.683 | |||||
| Angpt-2 | 0.631 | 0.464 – 0.799 | |||||
| Acute phase protein | PTX-3 | Septic diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 213), healthy controls (n = 77) | PTX-3 | 0.92 | 0.87 – 0.97 | [38] |
| PCT | 0.92 | 0.88 – 0.97 | |||||
| CRP | 0.82 | 0.72 – 0.91 | |||||
| IL-6 | 0.91 | 0.86 – 0.95 | |||||
| MR-proADM | Septic diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 109), healthy controls (n = 50) | MR-proADM | 0.817 | 0.733 – 0.884 | [97] | |
| PCT | 0.884 | 0.810 – 0.937 | |||||
| SOFA | 0.774 | 0.685 – 0.847 | |||||
| qSOFA | 0.827 | 0.744 – 0.892 | |||||
| miRNA | miR-125a | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 150), healthy controls (n = 150) | miR-125a | 0.749 | 0.695 – 0.803 | [74] |
| miR-125b | miR-125b | 0.839 | 0.795 – 0.882 | ||||
| Non-coding RNAs | Lnc-MALAT1 | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 120), healthy (n = 60) | LncMALAT1 | 0.910 | 0.867 – 0.953 | [79] |
| PCT | 0.928 | 0.867 – 0.964 | |||||
| Septic shock diagnosis | LncMALAT1 | 0.836 | 0.757 – 0.916 | ||||
| Lactate | 0.830 | 0.758 – 0.902 | |||||
| SOFA | 0.908 | 0.856 – 0.960 | |||||
| APACHE II | 0.856 | 0.791 – 0.922 | |||||
| Lnc-MEG3 | Sepsis diagnosis | Sepsis [1] (n = 219), healthy (n = 219) | LncMEG3 | 0.887 | 0.856 – 0.917 | [84] | |
| LncMEG3/miR-21 | 0.934 | 0.909 – 0.958 | |||||
| Reduced sepsis risk | miR-21 | 0.801 | 0.758 – 0.844 |
AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; PCT, procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; sTREM-1, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 1; APACHE II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; CaPT, calprotectin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; PTX-3, pentraxin-3; Angpt, angiopoietin; MR-proADM, mid-regional fragment of pro-adrenomedullin; ADM, adrenomedullin; Lnc, long non-coding; MALAT, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript; MEG, maternally expressed gene.