Table 2. Prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.

Category	Biomarker	Ability to predict	Patients	Variables	AUC	95% CI	Ref
Soluble receptors	suPAR	28-day mortality	Sepsis [95] (n = 130)	suPAR	0.77	0.68 – 0.86	[98]
				Lactate	0.70	0.59 – 0.80
CC chemokine ligand 2	MCP-1	30-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 136)	MCP-1	0.64	0.55 – 0.74	[99]
				PCT	0.57	0.47 – 0.68
				CRP	0.51	0.40 – 0.62
				IL-6	0.69	0.59 – 0.78
				SOFA	0.67	0.57 – 0.77
				qSOFA	0.63	0.48 – 0.78
				APACHE II	0.74	0.65 – 0.83
Acute phase protein	PTX-3	28-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 83)	PTX-3	0.82	0.68 – 0.96	[100]
				PCT	0.64	0.50 – 0.77
				CRP	0.56	0.40 – 0.73
				APACHE II	0.77	0.59 – 0.94
				SOFA	0.59	0.40 – 0.79
	MR-proADM	28-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 326)	MR-proADM	0.79	0.74 – 0.84	[59]
				Lactate	0.71	0.64 – 0.77
				PCT	0.61	0.55 – 0.68
				CRP	0.54	0.47 – 0.61
				SOFA	0.75	0.69 – 0.80
	ADM	30-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 215)	Bio-ADM	0.827	0.770 – 0.875	[64]
				SOFA	0.830	0.774 – 0.878
Angiogenic growth factor	Angiopoietin	28-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 145)	Angpt-2/1	0.736	0.649 – 0.823	[90]
				SOFA	0.745	0.655 – 0.836
		28-day mortality	Sepsis [95] (n = 333), control (n = 55)	Angpt-2/1	0.845	0.810 – 0.880	[91]
				PCT	0.732	0.685 – 0.780
				MEDS score	0.826	0.785 – 0.866
Non-coding RNAs	miRNA	28-day mortality	Sepsis [93] (n = 214)	miR-223	0.748	P <0.001	[71]
				miR-15a	0.610	P = 0.015
				miR-16	0.760	P <0.001
				miR-122	0.744	P <0.001
				miR-193b	0.790	P <0.001
				miR-483-5p	0.657	P <0.001
	Lnc-NEAT1	28-day mortality	Sepsis [93] (n = 82), healthy (n = 82)	Lnc-NEAT1	0.726	0.615 – 0.837	[79]
	miR-124			miR-124	0.784	0.668 – 0.900
				Lnc-NEAT1/miR-124 axis	0.830	0.738 – 0.922
	Lnc-MALAT1	Mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 120), healthy controls (n = 60)	Lnc-MALAT1	0.886	0.819 – 0.954	[83]
				Lactate	0.868	0.800 – 0.937
				SOFA	0.943	0.905 – 0.981
				APACHE II	0.856	0.802 – 0.934
	Lnc-MEG3	28-day mortality	Sepsis [1] (n = 219), healthy (n = 219)	Lnc-MEG3	0.704	0.626 – 0.783	[84]
				APACHE II	0.793	0.729 – 0.857
				SOFA	0.758	0.687 – 0.830

AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; PCT, procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; PTX-3, pentraxin-3; MR-proADM, mid-regional fragment of pro-adrenomedullin; ADM, adrenomedullin; Angpt, angiopoietin; MEDS, mortality in emergency department sepsis; NEAT, nuclear enriched abundant transcript; MALAT, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript; MEG, maternally expressed gene.