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OPN as a bone remodeling marker in spinal fusion. OPN expression after only laminectomy (A) and with the Ch/HAp composite (B). The interface between composite implant and new bone showed the most intense expression of this marker (qualitative expression). Ch/HAp, chitosan-hydroxyapatite; OPN, osteopontin; DAPI, diamidino2-pheneylindole; Merge, double immunofluorescence label; yellow dashed line, cement line (interface); *, Ch/HAp composite; scale bar, 100 μm.
