Table 2.
Pharmacological treatments and device therapy
| CON | DM | CHF | D‐HF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacological treatments | ||||
| ACEi use [% (n)] | 36.0 (9) | 50.0 (5) | 61.5 (32) | 53.6 (15) |
| Ramipril equivalent dose (mg) | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 7.0 ± 0.8 |
| Beta‐blocker use [% (n)] | 32.0 (8) | 60.0 (6) | 86.5 (45)**† | 85.7 (24)**† |
| Bisoprolol equivalent dose (mg) | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.5*† | 7.6 ± 0.7 |
| Loop diuretic use [% (n)] | 16.0 (4) | 30.0 (3) | 48.1 (25)* | 64.3 (18)**† |
| Furosemide equivalent dose (mg) | 55 ± 15 | 33 ± 7 | 45 ± 4 | 100 ± 20†¶ |
| ARB use [% (n)] | 21.2 (11) | 32.1 (9) | ||
| Candesartan equivalent dose (mg) | 15.3 ± 4.2 | 16.6 ± 3.1 | ||
| Aldosterone antagonist use [% (n)] | 44.2 (23) | 57.1 (16) | ||
| Aldosterone antagonist dose (mg) | 26.1 ± 1.1 | 1 29.7 ± 5.1 | ||
| Statin use [% (n)] | 48.0 (12) | 90.0 (9) | 63.5 (33) | 67.9 (19) |
| Statin dose (mg) | 35.0 ± 6.9 | 38.8 ± 7.2 | 46.4 ± 4.1 | 44.2 ± 6.2 |
| Aspirin use [% (n)] | 20.0 (5) | 10.0 (1) | 46.2 (24)*† | 46.4 (13)*† |
| Metformin use [% (n)] | 50.0 (5) | 46.4 (13) | ||
| Insulin use [% (n)] | 20.0 (2) | 10.7 (3) | ||
| Device therapy | ||||
| PPM [% (n)] | 96.0 (24) | 90.0 (9) | ||
| ICD [% (n)] | 4.0 (1) | 10.0 (1) | 26.9 (14) | 3.6 (1) |
| CRT [% (n)] | 73.1 (38) | 96.4 (27) |
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM unless otherwise stated. ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; PPM, permanent pacemaker.
*
P < 0.05 vs. CON.
**
P < 0.01 vs. CON.
†
P < 0.05 vs. DM.
‡
P < 0.01 vs. DM.
¶
P < 0.5 vs. CHF.