Table 2. Health Care Utilization Metrics for All Adult Deaths From 2005 to 2015 for the Last 2 Years, 1 Year, 180 Days, and 30 Days of Life, According to Resource Utilization Gradient.
| Health Care Utilization | Median (IQR) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 966 436) | Resource utilization gradient | |||
| Top 5% (n = 48 324) | Top 6%-50% (n = 434 899) | Bottom 50% (n = 483 213) | ||
| Last 2 y of life | ||||
| Hospitalization episodes of care | ||||
| Total hospitalizations, No. | 1 947 905 | 203 559 | 1 153 423 | 590 923 |
| ≥1 Hospitalizations, No. (%) | 758 770 (78.5) | 45 736 (94.6) | 382 645 (88.0) | 330 389 (68.4) |
| Episodes of care per person, No. | 1 (1-3) | 3 (2-6) | 2 (1-4) | 1 (0-2) |
| Length of stay, d | 8 (5-15) | 20 (11-36) | 10 (6-17) | 6 (3-10) |
| ICU visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 426 869 | 79 021 | 219 649 | 128 199 |
| ≥1 ICU admission, No. (%) | 266 987 (27.6) | 31 099 (64.4) | 134 929 (31.0) | 100 959 (20.9) |
| Visits per person, No. | 0 (0-1) | 1 (0-2) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-0) |
| Length of stay, h | 69 (33-130) | 143 (70-317) | 76 (41-140) | 47 (22-89) |
| ED visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 3 580 294 | 283 479 | 1 958 555 | 1 338 260 |
| ≥1 ED visit, No. (%) | 856 026 (88.6) | 45 535 (94.2) | 401 022 (92.2) | 409 469 (84.7) |
| Visits per person, No. | 3 (1-5) | 4 (2-8) | 3 (2-6) | 2 (1-4) |
| Primary care visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 38 593 836 | 3 586 798 | 21 686 232 | 13 320 806 |
| ≥1 Primary care visit, No. (%) | 956 176 (98.9) | 48 158 (99.7) | 434 408 (99.9) | 473 610 (98.0) |
| Visits per person, No. | 31 (17-53) | 57 (28-106) | 41 (27-66) | 22 (11-37) |
| Specialist visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 49 748 655 | 8 764 734 | 27 549 679 | 13 434 242 |
| ≥1 Specialist visit, No. (%) | 928 231 (96.0) | 48 084 (99.5) | 425 419 (97.8) | 454 728 (94.1) |
| Visits per person, No. | 34 (13-69) | 163 (96-238) | 54 (22-91) | 21 (8-40) |
| Last 1 y of life | ||||
| Hospitalization episodes of care | ||||
| Total hospitalizations, No. | 1 491 243 | 153 049 | 895 833 | 442 361 |
| ≥1 Hospitalization, No. (%) | 710 035 (73.5) | 43 669 (90.4) | 364 528 (83.8) | 301 838 (62.5) |
| Episodes of care per person, No. | 1 (0-2) | 3 (1-4) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (0-1) |
| Length of stay, d | 8 (4-15) | 20 (11-38) | 10 (6-17) | 6 (3-10) |
| ICU visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 348 628 | 66 243 | 180 352 | 102 033 |
| ≥1 ICU admission, No. (%) | 232 948 (24.1) | 28 452 (58.9) | 118 192 (27.2) | 86 304 (17.9) |
| Visits per person, No. | 0 (0-0) | 1 (0-2) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-0) |
| Length of stay, h | 69 (31-135) | 149 (71-336) | 78 (41-147) | 45 (19-87) |
| ED visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 2 536 119 | 192 192 | 1 403 282 | 940 645 |
| ≥1 ED visit, No. (%) | 805 598 (83.4) | 43 007 (89.0) | 381 732 (87.8) | 380 859 (78.8) |
| Visits per person, No. | 2 (1-3) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | 1 (1-3) |
| Primary care visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 24 836 417 | 2 518 507 | 14 336 923 | 7 980 987 |
| ≥1 Primary care visit, No. (%) | 948 717 (98.2) | 47 877 (99.9) | 433 714 (99.7) | 467 126 (96.7) |
| Visits per person, No. | 18 (10-35) | 40 (16-80) | 26 (15-46) | 13 (6-23) |
| Specialist visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 35 113 183 | 6 732 801 | 19 842 381 | 8 538 001 |
| ≥1 Specialist visit, No. (%) | 898 453 (93.0) | 47 781 (98.9) | 415 524 (95.5) | 435 148 (90.1) |
| Visits per person, No. | 22 (7-49) | 124 (68-188) | 39 (13-68) | 13 (4-27) |
| Last 180 d of life | ||||
| Hospitalization episodes of care | ||||
| Total hospitalizations, No. | 1 153 854 | 94 694 | 670 755 | 388 405 |
| ≥1 Hospitalization, No. (%) | 662 628 (68.6) | 38 793 (80.3) | 338 038 (77.7) | 285 797 (59.1) |
| Episodes of care per person, No. | 1 (0-2) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (0-1) |
| Length of stay, d | 8 (4-15) | 19 (9-37) | 10 (5-18) | 6 (3-10) |
| ICU visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 290 261 | 47 425 | 147 530 | 95 306 |
| ≥1 ICU admission, No. (%) | 205 365 (21.2) | 22 908 (47.4) | 100 757 (23.2) | 81 700 (16.9) |
| Visits per person, No. | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) |
| Length of stay, h | 69 (30-139) | 162 (71-367) | 83 (41-159) | 44 (18-86) |
| ED visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 1 749 134 | 106 406 | 935 668 | 707 060 |
| ≥1 ED visit, No. (%) | 750 558 (77.7) | 37 276 (77.1) | 355 188 (81.7) | 358 094 (74.1) |
| Visits per person, No. | 1 (1-2) | 2 (1-3) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (0-2) |
| Primary care visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 16 561 145 | 1 543 472 | 9 669 778 | 5 347 895 |
| ≥1 Primary care visit, No. (%) | 935 451 (96.8) | 47 015 (97.3) | 431 748 (99.3) | 456 688 (94.5) |
| Visits per person, No. | 11 (6-23) | 24 (8-48) | 16 (8-31) | 8 (4-15) |
| Specialist visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 24 911 856 | 4 551 779 | 14 049 305 | 6 310 772 |
| ≥1 Specialist visit, No. (%) | 859 752 (89.0) | 46 900 (97.1) | 400 257 (92.0) | 412 595 (85.4) |
| Visits per person, No. | 14 (4-35) | 75 (29-135) | 24 (7-49) | 9 (2-20) |
| Last 30 d of life | ||||
| Hospitalization episodes of care | ||||
| Total hospitalizations, No. | 558 561 | 23 254 | 265 940 | 269 367 |
| ≥1 Hospitalization, No. (%) | 475 574 (49.2) | 18 826 (39.0) | 220 309 (50.7) | 236 439 (48.9) |
| Episodes of care per person, No. | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) | 1 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) |
| Length of stay, d | 6 (3-11) | 8 (4-15) | 7 (4-13) | 5 (2-9) |
| ICU visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 174 975 | 11 185 | 80 836 | 82 954 |
| ≥1 ICU admission, No. (%) | 143 225 (14.8) | 8376 (17.3) | 62 032 (14.3) | 72 817 (15.1) |
| Visits per person, No. | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) |
| Length of stay, h | 59 (23-124) | 101 (39-223) | 87 (37-174) | 41 (16-84) |
| ED visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 696 385 | 23 312 | 298 370 | 374 703 |
| ≥1 ED visit, No. (%) | 528 658 (54.7) | 16 916 (35.0) | 223 262 (51.3) | 288 480 (59.7) |
| Visits per person, No. | 1 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) | 1 (0-1) | 1 (0-1) |
| Primary care visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 6 103 335 | 375 130 | 3 393 046 | 2 335 159 |
| ≥1 primary care visit, No. (%) | 856 679 (88.6) | 39 659 (82.1) | 407 616 (93.7) | 409 404 (84.7) |
| Visits per person, No. | 4 (1-9) | 5 (1-11) | 5 (2-11) | 3 (1-6) |
| Specialist visits | ||||
| Total visits, No. | 10 062 164 | 1 327 245 | 5 423 675 | 3 311 244 |
| ≥1 specialist visit, No. (%) | 699 042 (72.3) | 41 599 (86.1) | 326 249 (75.0) | 331 194 (68.5) |
| Visits per person, No. | 4 (0-14) | 15 (3-42) | 5 (1-17) | 3 (0-10) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range.