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. 2020 Mar 18;22(3):e16791. doi: 10.2196/16791

Table 3.

Effectiveness of telemedicine on glycated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes, according to intervention duration.

Application category and type of diabetes Intervention duration Trials, n Patients, n Outcome MDa (95% CI) of percent change in HbA1cb P value I2 (%) Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation
Digital health education [56]

T1Dc/T2Dd 3 months 3 203 Inline graphic e −0.71 (−1.0 to −0.43) .90 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig7.jpg

T1D/T2D 6 months 2 562 Inline graphic e −0.52 (−0.75 to −0.29) .65 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T1D/T2D 12 months 6 1153 Inline graphic e,f −0.55 (−0.7 to −0.39) <.001 78 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Telemedicine [70,85]

T1D <6 months 7 NSg Inline graphic e 0.07 (−0.16 to 0.31) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D ≥6 months 21 NS Inline graphic e −0.24 (−0.41 to −0.07) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D ≤3 months 17 1377 Inline graphic e −0.67 (−0.93 to −0.41) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D 4-6 months 36 4538 Inline graphic e −0.41 (−0.84 to 0.02) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D 7-11 months 4 659 Inline graphic e −0.66 (−1.18 to −0.15) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D ≥12 months 36 10,237 Inline graphic e −0.26 (−0.40 to −0.12) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Digital self-management [59,60,72,83]

T2D ≤3 months 10 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.51 (−0.71 to −0.31) <.001 41.8 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T2D >3 and ≤6 months 10 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.48 (−0.68 to −0.28) <.001 34.5 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D 3-4 months 11 1613 Inline graphic e,f −0.30 (−0.50 to −0.11) <.001 89.1 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D >6 months 15 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.35 (−0.53 to −0.18) <.001 70.5 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T2D 6-8 months 14 2389 Inline graphic e,f −0.59 (−0.78 to −0.39) <.001 84.8 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D 9-12 months 7 1272 Inline graphic e −0.21 (−0.35 to −0.075) .131 39.1 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T1D/T2D ≤ 6 months 30 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.56 (NS) <.001 30 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D 6 months 6 741 Inline graphic e −0.57 (−0.85 to −0.30) .099 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D >6 months 25 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.40 (NS) <.001 25 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D 12 months 7 3466 Inline graphic e −0.30 (−0.48 to −0.11) .099 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Digital self-management (SMS) [75]

T2D <6 months 6 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.60 (−0.80 to −0.40) <.001 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T2D ≥6 months 4 NS Inline graphic e,f −0.40 (−0.56 to −0.24) <.001 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Digital self-management (social network service) [78]

T1D/T2D ≤3 months 13 799 Inline graphic e,f −0.54 (−0.80 to −0.28) <.001 23 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D 3-12 months 11 1465 Inline graphic e,f −0.41 (−0.63 to −0.19) <.001 25 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig7.jpg

T1D/T2D >12 months 10 2713 Inline graphic e,f −0.36 (−0.59 to −0.14) <.002 90 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig7.jpg

aMD: mean difference.

bHbA1c: glycated haemoglobin

cT1D: type 1 diabetes.

dT2D: type 2 diabetes.

eThe direction of the arrows indicates potential clinically relevant reduction rates (see Table 2).

fGreen arrows show statistical significance.

gNS: not specified—cases in which no data were provided. Missing data on statistical significance were handled as nonsignificant.