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. 2020 Mar 18;22(3):e16791. doi: 10.2196/16791

Table 4.

Effectiveness of telemedicine on glycated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes, according to feedback mode, frequency, and intensity.

Application category and type of diabetes Feedback characteristics Trials, n Patients, n Outcome MDa (95% CI) of percent change in HbA1c P value I2 (%) Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation
Telemedicine [70,82]

T1Db App based 5 336 Inline graphic c −0.37 (−0.94 to 0.20) .20 81.74 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D High intensityd 13 NS Inline graphic c −0.24 (−0.49 to 0.01) NSe NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D ≠ High intensity 14 NS Inline graphic c −0.09 (−0.23 to 0.06) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D Audit + feedback 24 NS Inline graphic c −0.22 (−0.38 to −0.06) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D No audit + feedback 4 NS Inline graphic c 0.01 (−0.27 to −0.30) NS NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Digital self-management [59,68,72,81,83]

T2Df Human call/telephone 5 NS Inline graphic c,g −1.13 (−1.51 to −0.75) <.05 38 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Human call/telephone 12 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.53 (−0.81 to −0.26) <.001 76.35 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Manual 6 1180 Inline graphic c,g −0.44 (−0.74 to −0.15) .04 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Manual 22 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.50 (−0.65 to −0.34) <.001 67.2 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T2D Automated 5 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.50 (−0.69 to −0.32) <.001 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T2D Automated calls 2 NS Inline graphic c −0.01 (−0.32 to 0.29) .94 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Automated text 9 NS Inline graphic c −0.36 (−0.47 to −0.24) NS 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Text message 3 380 Inline graphic c,g −0.52 (−1.04 to 0.00) <.05 73.5 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Web-based 13 2405 Inline graphic c,g −0.41 (−0.55 to −0.27) <.05 79.6 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D Web-based 19 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.62 (−0.82 to −0.42) <.001 77.57 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg
Digital self-management (mobile health) [63,82,84]

T2D Low frequency 7 440 Inline graphic c,g −0.33 (−0.59 to −0.07) .01 47.35 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T2D High frequency 5 326 Inline graphic c,g −1.12 (−1.32 to −0.91) <.001 0 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig8.jpg

T1D/T2D Personalized feedback 8 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.43 (−0.74 to −0.12) <.001 75 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D ≠ Personalized feedback 4 NS Inline graphic c,g −0.61 (−1.40 to 0.19) .001 81 graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D Frequency (daily) 15 NS Inline graphic c −0.6 (−0.9 to −0.4) .27 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D Frequency (weekly) 3 NS Inline graphic c −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) .27 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

T1D/T2D Frequency (not specified) 4 NS Inline graphic c −0.4 (−0.5 to −0.2) .27 NS graphic file with name jmir_v22i3e16791_fig9.jpg

aMD: mean difference.

bT1D: type 1 diabetes.

cThe direction of the arrows indicates potential clinically relevant reduction rates (see Table 2).

dDirect contact at least once a week.

eNS: not specified—cases in which no data were provided. Missing data on statistical significance were handled as nonsignificant.

fT2D: type 2 diabetes.

gGreen arrows show statistical significance.