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. 2018 Jun 18;156:92–101. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.011

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© 2018 The Authors

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 4 — The activation form of Rac1 is required for supporting rotavirus replication. (A) Schematic depicting the pull-down assay. (B) NSC23766 inhibited GTP-Rac1 detected by pulldown assay (The ratio of GTP-Rac1/Rac was expressed in arbitrary units). (C) Treatment with NSC23766 (48 h) significantly inhibited viral genomic RNA in SA11 rotavirus infected Caco2 cells in a dose-dependent manner (n = 8–10, means ± SEM, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). (D) Treatment with NSC23766 (48 h) significantly inhibited viral VP4 protein in SA11 rotavirus infected Caco2 cells in a dose-dependent manner (The ratio of VP4/β-actin was expressed in arbitrary units). (E) Treatment with NSC23766 (48 h) significantly inhibited viral RNA in SA11 rotavirus infected human intestinal organoids (n = 6, means ± SEM, *P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). (F) Flow cytometric analysis of green fluorescence indicated the percentages of transduced cells with Rac1V12 and Rac1N17 plasmids. Median fluorescence identity (MFIs) of control, N17 and V12 are 3.43, 35.5 and 84.3, respectively. (G) Pull-down and western blot assays showed higher level of GTP-Rac1 with transduction of Rac1V12 but lower level of GTP-Rac1 with Rac1N17 plasmids (The ratio of GTP-Rac1/Rac was expressed in arbitrary units). (H) Detection of phospho-PAK2 indicated successful transduction of Rac1V12 and Rac1N17 plasmids. (I) Rac1V12 transduction facilitates but Rac1N17 inhibits rotavirus replication (n = 10, means ± SEM, *P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test).