Table 1.

SARS-CoV-derived T-cell epitopes and their conservation in human coronaviruses. ^aThe position information is based on the SARS-CoV (strain TJF; GenBank accession no. AY654624) ^bThe sequences of the corresponding peptides in SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 (strain HK04-01; GenBank accession no. JN129834), and HKU1 (strain BJ01-p3; GenBank accession no. KT779555). The variable residues in the peptides compared to MERS-CoV are underlined in bold. ^cThe references that identified the peptides. ^dThe references that used the peptides as vaccines or used the peptides to evaluate SARS-related vaccines. ^eThe positions of HLA-restricted peptides with three or less variable residues between MERS-CoV and any of the three coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 and HKU1 are shown in bold.

Positiona	MERS-CoV	SARS-CoVb	HCoV-OC43	HKU1	MHC restriction	Identificationc	Vaccine evaluationd
S411-420	KQSFSNPTCL	KLPDDFMGCV	RIDTTATSCQ	KIDTTSSSCQ	HLA-A*0201	(Zhou et al., 2006)	(Zhou et al., 2006)
S787-795	LEPVSISTG	ILPDPLKPT	INFSPVLGC	INFKSLVGC	HLA-A*0201	(Tsao et al., 2006)	(Tsao et al., 2006)
S1042-1050	LYFMHVGYY	VVFLHVTYV	LYFIHFNYV	LLFMHFSYK	HLA-A2
S958-966	SIGDIIQRL	VLNDILSRL	SLQEILSRL	SLQEILSRL	HLA-A*0201	(Lv et al., 2009)	(Lv et al., 2009)
S978-986e	LINGRLTTL	LITGRLQSL	LINGRLTAL	LINGRLTAL	HLA-A2	(Wang et al., 2004b)	(Zhou et al., 2006), (Kohyama et al., 2009)
S1203-1211	FIAGLVALA	FIAGLIAIV	ICLAGVAML	ISFSFIIFL	HLA-A2
S1167-1175	SLQQVVKAL	RLNEVAKNL	RLQEAIKVL	LIQESIKSL	HLA-A*0201	(Wang et al., 2004a)	(Wang et al., 2004a), (Zhou et al., 2006)
S1174-1182	ALNESYIDL	NLNESLIDL	VLNHSYINL	SLNNSYINL	HLA-A*0201		(Doytchinova and Flower, 2003)
S365-374	TCSQISPAAI	KCYGVSATKL	TCNNIDAAKI	SCNNFDESKI	H-2d	(Huang et al., 2007)	(Huang et al., 2007), (Du et al., 2008),
S436-443	LKYSYINK	YNYKYRYL	WNKRFGFI	WNRRYGFN	H-2b, H-2b	(Zhi et al., 2005)	(Zhao et al., 2010a)
S525-532	VEYSLYGV	VNFNFNGL	VNYDLYGI	VDYDLYGI	H-2d
S366-374	CSQISPAAI	CYGVSATKL	CNNIDAAKI	CNNFDESKI	H-2d
S884-891	IFYRLNGV	MAYRFNGI	VQYRINGL	VQYRINGL	H-2Kb	(Poh et al., 2009)	(Poh et al., 2009)
S1116-1123	STNLPPPL	NNTVYDPL	PYVMLNTS	PLVYLNHS	H-2Kb
N216-224	GAVGGDLLY	GETALALLL	VTPDMADQI	VKPDMADEI	HLA-B*4001	(Rivino et al., 2013)
N323-332	DDHGNPVYFL	MEVTPSGTWL	DEPQKDVYEL	DSPVKDVFEL	HLA-B*4001
N223-231	LYLDLLNRL	LLLDRLNQL	QIASLVLAK	EIANLVLAK	HLA-A*0201	(Tsao et al., 2006)	(Tsao et al., 2006), (Ohno et al., 2009)
N227-235	LLNRLQALE	RLNQLESKV	LVLAKLGKD	LVLAKLGKE	HLA-A*0201
N317-325	GMSQFKLTH	GMSRIGMEV	FGSKLELAK	FGSKLDLVK	HLA-A*0201
N220-228	GDLLYLDLL	LALLLLDRL	MADQIASLV	MADEIANLV	HLA-A*0201	(Cheung et al., 2007)	(Cheung et al., 2007)
N216-225	GAVGGDLLYL	GETALALLLL	VTPDMADQIA	VKPDMADEIA	HLA-B*4001	(Oh et al., 2011)	(Oh et al., 2011)
N222-231	LLYLDLLNRL	LLLLDRLNQL	DQIASLVLAK	DEIANLVLAK	HLA-A*0201	(Ohno et al., 2009)	(Ohno et al., 2009)
N266-275	TKSFNMVQAF	TKQYNVTQAF	NKQCTVQQCF	NKHCNVQQCF	HLA-B*1525	(Ng et al., 2016)
N346-354	NYNKWLELL	QFKDNVILL	GFETIMKVL	GFETIMKVL	HLA-A*2402	(Liu et al., 2010b)
N362-370	KTFPKKEKK	KTFPPTEPK	QQQDGMMNM	VNSNQNTDS	HLA-A*1101	(Blicher et al., 2005)
M60-69	SMALSIFSAV	TLACFVLAAV	TIILTTFNCV	TITLTIFNCF	HLA-A*0201	(Liu et al., 2010a)	(Liu et al., 2010a)
M88-96	AMMWISYFV	GLMWLSYFV	IIMWIVYFV	IVIWILYFV	HLA-A*0201
M147-155	HLKMAGMHF	HLRMAGHSL	HLYIQGIKL	HLYIQGVKL	HLA-B*1502	(Ng et al., 2016)
PP1a3709-3717	AYLVFVTTL	SMWALVISV	LLMLASLFG	LLFITAFLG	HLA-A*0201	(Kohyama et al., 2009)	(Kohyama et al., 2009)
PP1a1775-1787	VEHTTPWLL	VQQESSFVM	VRFDVPFLI	TKLNVPFLI	HLA-B*1501	(Roder et al., 2008)
N353-365	LLEQNIDAYKTFP	LLNKHIDAYKTFP	VLSENLNAYQQQD	VLEENLNAYVNSN	H-2d,HLA-DR2,DR3	(Zhao et al., 2010a)	(Zhao et al., 2016)