Table 1.
Receptor usage by representative viruses for each Baltimore class (or group).
| Baltimore subtype | Viral nucleic acid form | Virus | Envelope | Entry pathways | Attachment factors | Entry receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I: dsDNA | dsDNA | HSV | Yes | NCNC, F (Karasneh and Shukla 2011) | HS (Karasneh and Shukla 2011) | Integrin, HVEM, Nectin1/2 (Karasneh and Shukla 2011; Gianni et al. 2013) |
| HPV | No | CME, CaE, NCNC (Shafti-Keramat et al. 2003; Schelhaas et al. 2012) | HS (Shafti-Keramat et al. 2003) | Integrin, GFR, CD63, CD151 (Raff et al. 2013; Aksoy et al. 2014) | ||
| II: +ssDNA | dsDNA | CPV | No | CME (Vihinen-Ranta et al. 1998) | SA (Lofling et al. 2013) | TfR (Lofling et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2019) |
| PCV | No | CME, NCNC (Misinzo 2005; Misinzo et al. 2009) | HS,SA (Misinzo et al. 2006; Nauwynck et al. 2012) | TfR (Misinzo 2005) | ||
| III: dsRNA | dsRNA | RV | No | CME, NCNC, DF (Liprandi et al. 1997; Chemello et al. 2002; Sanchez-San Martin et al. 2004) | SA, HBGA, GMx (Ruiz et al. 2009; Hu et al. 2012) | Integrin, HSC70 (Zarate et al. 2003; Ruiz et al. 2009) |
| BTV | No | CME (Forzan et al. 2007) | HS, SA (Mecham and McHolland 2010; Zhang et al. 2010) | Integrin, TfR, CD63 (Forzan et al. 2007) | ||
| IV: +ssRNA | −ssRNA | BVDV | Yes | CME (Mathapati et al. 2010) | HS (Maurer et al. 2004) | LDLR, CD46 (Agnello et al. 1999; Maurer et al. 2004) |
| HRV | No | DF (Kolatkar et al. 1999) | LDLR, ICAM1 (Kolatkar et al. 1999) | |||
| V: -ssRNA | −ssRNA | MV | Yes | F (Schneider-Schaulies et al. 2001) | SA (Talekar et al. 2013) | Nectin4, CD150, CD46 (Schneider-Schaulies et al. 2001; Delpeut et al. 2014) |
| CDV | Yes | F (Lamb et al. 2006) | HS (Fujita et al. 2007) | Nectin4, CD150 (von Messling et al. 2005; Pratakpiriya et al. 2012) | ||
| VI: +ssRNA-RT | dsDNA | HIV | Yes | F (Saphire et al. 2001) | HS, CD4 (Saphire et al. 2001) | Integrin (Monini et al. 2012) |
| HTLV-1 | Yes | F (Ghez et al. 2006) | HS (Lambert et al. 2009) | GLUT1 (Ghez et al. 2006) | ||
| VII: dsDNA-RT | dsRNA | HBV | Yes | CME, CaE (Macovei et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2012) | HS (Glebe and Bremer 2013) | ASGPR, NTCP, P80, HSC70, HSC60 (Ryu et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2011; Glebe and Bremer 2013) |
| DHBV | Yes | CaE, NCNC (Köck et al. 1996; Macovei et al. 2010) | P170 (Li et al. 1996) | P120 (Li et al. 1996) |
“Viral nucleic acid form” refers to the form of viral nucleic acids before genetic information passaging. Entry pathways are annotated using different abbreviations, i.e. CME: clathrin‐mediated endocytosis; CaE: caveolin‐mediated endocytosis; DF: direct penetration; F: fusion; NCNC: non‐clathrin, non‐caveolin mediated endocytosis. Abbreviations of some principle receptors are: CD: cluster of differentiation; CCR5: C‐C chemokine receptor type 5; CXCR4: C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4; HBGA: histo‐bloodgroup antigen; GFR: growth factor receptor; GMx: ganglioside x; P170 or DCPD: duck carboxypeptidase D; GLUT1: glucose transporter 1; HVEM: herpesvirus entry mediator, belonging to tumour necrosis factor receptor family and a regulator of immune responses); ICAM1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; NTCP: sodium taurocholate co‐transporting polypeptide; P120: P protein of duck glycine decarboxylase. References corresponding to the information source of virus entry pathways and host mayor receptors are listed. Two randomly selected viruses from each Baltimore subtype are included here. BTV: bluetongue virus; BVDV: bovine viral diarrhoea virus; CDV: canine distemper virus; CPV: canine parvovirus; DHBV: duck hepatitis B virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; HPV: human papillomavirus; HRV: human rhinovirus; MV: measles virus; PCV: porcine circovirus.