Table 2.

Clinical conditions in which antibiotics are used or not used as an adjunct40,50

Pulpal/periapical/periodontal/conditions	Clinical signs and symptoms	Antibiotics as an adjunct
Irreversible pulpitis	Pain No other signs and symptoms of infection.	NO
Pulpal necrosis	Nonvital teeth	NO
Acute Apical periodontitis	Pain Pain to percussion and biting. Widening of periodontal space	NO
Chronic apical abscess	Teeth with sinus tract Periapical radiolucency	NO
Acute apical abscess with no systemic involvement	Localized fluctuant swellings	NO
Acute apical abscess with systemic involvement	Localized fluctuant swellings Elevated body temperature (>38°C) Malaise Lymphadenopathy Trismus	YES
Cellulitis Osteomyelitis	Rapid onset of severe infection (less than 24 h) Cellulitis or a spreading infection Osteomyelitis	YES
Eruption gingivitis	Gingival inflammation	NO
Pubertal gingivitis	Swelling of interdental papilla with spontaneous gingival hemorrhage	NO
Gingivitis related to mouth breathing	Gingival inflammation and halitosis	NO
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis	Strong continuous pain and fetid odor. Generalized systemic manifestation including low grade fever, lymph adenopathy and malaise.	YES
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis	Painful gingival inflammation and vesicles that are formed mainly on dorsum of the tongue, hard palate, and gingiva.	NO
Aggressive periodontitis	Rapid loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone.	YES