Table 1.

FRET biosensors fabricated with graphene-based nanomaterials

Graphene category	Probe type	Probe sequence	Target	LOD (nM)	Refs
Graphene	ssDNA	5′-FAM-AATCAACTG GGA GAA TGTAACTG-3′	cDNA	N/A	[52]
Graphene oxide	ssDNA	5′-FAM-AGTCAGTGTGGAAAATCTCTAGC-3′	cDNA	N/A	[54]
Graphene oxide	Aptamer	5′-FAM-TCTCTCAGTCCGTGGTAGGGCAGGTTGGGGTGACT-3′	Human thrombin	2.0	[54]
Graphene oxide	ssDNA and dsDNA	5′-FAM-GGAATTCTAATGTAGTATAGTAATCCGCTC-3′ 5′-(T)15GAGCGGATTACTATACTACATTAGAATTCC-3′	SCV helicase	0.625	[55]
Graphene oxide	ssDNA	5′-FAM- TCGTTGGAGTTTGTCTG-3′ 5′-Cy5-CCCTAATCCGCCCAC-3′ 5′-ROX-CCTGGTGCCGTAGAT-3′	cDNA	0.1	[56]
Graphene oxide	Hairpin-structured DNA	5′-Dabcyl-CGACGGAGAAAGGGCTGCCACGTCG-FAM-3′	cDNA	2.0	[59]
Graphene oxide	Aptamer	5′-FAM-CTCTCTTCTCTTCATTTTTCAACACAACACAC-3′	Silver (I) ions	5	[60]
SDBS-graphene	Aptamer	5′-FAM-GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-3′	Bovine thrombin	0.0313	[61]
Graphene oxide	MB	5′-Dabcyl-CGACGGAGAAAGGGCTGCCACGTCG-Cy5-3′	survivin mRNA	N/A	[63]
Graphene oxide	ssDNA	5′-H2N-(T)6GCACACGCGCAC-3′	Au NP-labeled cDNA	200	[77]

Abbreviations: Cy5 a reactive water-soluble fluorescent dye of the cyanine dye family; ROX: reference dye from Invitrogen; SCV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.