Table 1.
Antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of flavonoids
| Class | Compound | HCMV antiviral IC50a (μM) |
Cellular cytotoxic CC50a (μM) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorimetric (β-gal) assay | Titer reduction assay | Growing HEL fibroblasts | Static HEL fibroblasts | ||
| Flavones | Apigenin | 22 ± 3 | 6.4 | >100 | >100 |
| Baicalein | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | >100 | >100 | |
| Baicalin | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 15 ± 0.5 | >400 | >400 | |
| Luteolin | 6 ± 1 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 62 ± 10 | >200 | |
| Isoflavones | Biochanin A | 28 ± 4 | 15 | 200 ± 50 | >400 |
| Daidzein | >40 | 7.2 | >200 | >200 | |
| Genistein | 38 ± 5 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 124 ± 52 | >200 | |
| Flavonone | Naringenin | 32 ± 5 | >40 | >100 | >100 |
| Flavonols | Galangin | >40 | >40 | >400 | >400 |
| Quercetin | 13 ± 2 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | >400 | >400 | |
| Control | Ganciclovir | ≥100 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | ndb | nd |
a
IC50 and CC50; drug concentration producing 50% inhibition. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of quadruplicate experiments, except titer reduction assays, where experiments were performed in duplicate for baicalin and genistein; triplicate for baicalein, luteolin, quercetin, and ganciclovir, or once.
b
nd, Not determined.