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. 2013 Sep 30;178(2):264–271. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.033

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Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 2 — Four graphs showing the expected (seen in the curves of each graph) and observed (seen in the points of each graph) effective number of codons (ENC and Nc, respectively) (Y axis) and the expected and observed GC_3% (X axis) for (a) Avian coronavirus spike (S); (b) nucleocapsid (N); (c) non-structural protein 2 (NSP2) and (d) papain-like protease (PL^pro) (dots) and Gallus gallus beta-actin, lung surfactant protein A, intestinal cholecystokinin, oviduct ovomucin alpha subunit and kidney vitamin D receptor (asterisks).