Table 1.
Participants characteristics. Values are mean ± SD or n (%).
| Serum Zinc (ug/dL) | <71.50 | 71.50 to 80.3 | 80.3 to 90.3 | ≥90.3 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 892 | 891 | 915 | 909 | |
| Age (y) | 47.23 ± 18.68 | 47.40 ± 18.74 | 47.18 ± 18.16 | 45.86 ± 18.07 | 0.258 |
| Standing Height (cm) | 166.17 ± 9.93 | 166.66 ± 9.88 | 167.44 ± 10.04 | 168.75 ± 10.17 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.78 ± 24.07 | 81.46 ± 23.35 | 79.73 ± 20.61 | 80.41 ± 20.49 | 0.180 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 29.55 ± 8.00 | 29.20 ± 7.54 | 28.36 ± 6.52 | 28.12 ± 6.23 | <0.001 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 99.31 ± 17.82 | 98.59 ± 17.17 | 97.48 ± 16.40 | 97.46 ± 15.84 | 0.062 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 123.26 ± 19.03 | 122.21 ± 17.98 | 121.33 ± 17.35 | 122.88 ± 17.89 | 0.134 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 70.00 ± 12.74 | 69.19 ± 13.51 | 69.24 ± 13.81 | 69.48 ± 13.45 | 0.588 |
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | |||||
| Total spine | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 1.00 ± 0.16 | 1.04 ± 0.17 | 1.01 ± 0.15 | 0.021 |
| Total femur | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.16 | 0.95 ± 0.16 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.431 |
| Femoral neck | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.492 |
| Intertrochanter | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 1.14 ± 0.19 | 1.14 ± 0.19 | 1.15 ± 0.18 | 0.405 |
| Trochanter | 0.70 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.373 |
| Wards triangle | 0.60 ± 0.18 | 0.62 ± 0.19 | 0.61 ± 0.19 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.323 |
| Bone mineral content (g) | |||||
| Total spine | 59.71 ± 14.04 | 60.46 ± 13.90 | 63.96 ± 15.68 | 63.18 ± 14.36 | 0.018 |
| Total femur | 35.37 ± 9.30 | 35.96 ± 9.85 | 35.92 ± 10.10 | 36.70 ± 9.40 | 0.503 |
| Femoral neck | 4.02 ± 0.84 | 4.14 ± 0.97 | 4.17 ± 1.01 | 4.19 ± 0.87 | 0.169 |
| Intertrochanter | 22.98 ± 6.79 | 23.09 ± 6.66 | 23.03 ± 6.92 | 23.61 ± 6.49 | 0.704 |
| Trochanter | 8.37 ± 2.27 | 8.74 ± 2.61 | 8.73 ± 2.53 | 8.89 ± 2.37 | 0.107 |
| Wards triangle | 0.70 ± 0.23 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 0.73 ± 0.23 | 0.73 ± 0.23 | 0.355 |
| Bone mineral area (cm2) | |||||
| Total spine | 60.35 ± 8.16 | 59.92 ± 6.95 | 61.38 ± 8.03 | 61.94 ± 8.16 | 0.074 |
| Total femur | 37.40 ± 6.48 | 37.32 ± 6.24 | 37.39 ± 6.09 | 37.87 ± 5.96 | 0.756 |
| Femoral neck | 5.20 ± 0.57 | 5.23 ± 0.60 | 5.27 ± 0.56 | 5.28 ± 0.57 | 0.338 |
| Intertrochanter | 20.33 ± 4.56 | 19.99 ± 3.74 | 20.06 ± 3.83 | 20.34 ± 3.69 | 0.663 |
| Trochanter | 11.87 ± 2.23 | 12.10 ± 2.43 | 12.06 ± 2.20 | 12.24 ± 2.13 | 0.318 |
| Wards triangle | 1.17 ± 0.09 | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 1.17 ± 0.09 | 0.896 |
| Serum lipids (mg/dL) | |||||
| Total Cholesterol | 185.10 ± 40.44 | 188.47 ± 40.14 | 189.69 ± 41.97 | 193.80 ± 41.50 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride | 104.92 ± 74.38 | 102.65 ± 57.01 | 121.39 ± 100.02 | 132.62 ± 109.81 | <0.001 |
| HDL-Cholesterol | 52.20 ± 15.36 | 53.17 ± 15.59 | 52.43 ± 14.70 | 53.02 ± 15.77 | 0.480 |
| LDL-Cholesterol | 107.11 ± 33.93 | 110.46 ± 33.28 | 110.88 ± 37.37 | 114.50 ± 35.95 | 0.046 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.68 ± 1.41 | 5.90 ± 1.79 | 5.99 ± 2.01 | 5.91 ± 1.96 | 0.280 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.69 ± 0.99 | 5.72 ± 0.98 | 5.76 ± 1.15 | 5.73 ± 1.12 | 0.566 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 72.92 ± 80.07 | 85.12 ± 92.37 | 69.07 ± 65.70 | 75.97 ± 72.14 | 0.174 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||
| Man | 376 (42.15%) | 418 (46.91%) | 441 (48.20%) | 539 (59.30%) | |
| Woman | 516 (57.85%) | 473 (53.09%) | 474 (51.80%) | 370 (40.70%) | |
| Race | 0.293 | ||||
| Mexican American | 120 (13.45%) | 106 (11.90%) | 109 (11.91%) | 112 (12.32%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 83 (9.30%) | 92 (10.33%) | 82 (8.96%) | 89 (9.79%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 331 (37.11%) | 339 (38.05%) | 398 (43.50%) | 379 (41.69%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 216 (24.22%) | 210 (23.57%) | 186 (20.33%) | 183 (20.13%) | |
| Other Race | 142 (15.92%) | 144 (16.16%) | 140 (15.30%) | 146 (16.06%) | |
| Smoking | 0.023 | ||||
| Yes | 328 (37.74%) | 378 (43.45%) | 378 (42.38%) | 393 (44.51%) | |
| No | 541 (62.26%) | 492 (56.55%) | 514 (57.62%) | 490 (55.49%) | |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.020 | ||||
| Yes | 546 (68.25%) | 608 (73.25%) | 585 (71.25%) | 617 (74.88%) | |
| No | 254 (31.75%) | 222 (26.75%) | 236 (28.75%) | 207 (25.12%) | |
| Moderate activity | 0.165 | ||||
| Yes | 284 (31.87%) | 269 (30.22%) | 305 (33.37%) | 318 (34.98%) | |
| No | 607 (68.13%) | 621 (69.78%) | 609 (66.63%) | 591 (65.02%) | |
| Total Fracture | 0.464 | ||||
| No | 211 (23.65%) | 199 (22.33%) | 195 (21.31%) | 201 (22.11%) | |
| Yes | 87 (9.75%) | 84 (9.43%) | 94 (10.27%) | 70 (7.70%) | |
| Spine Fracture | 0.639 | ||||
| No | 290 (32.51%) | 278 (31.20%) | 280 (30.60%) | 266 (29.26%) | |
| Yes | 8 (0.90%) | 5 (0.56%) | 9 (0.98%) | 5 (0.55%) | |
| Hip Fracture | 0.587 | ||||
| No | 293 (32.85%) | 277 (31.09%) | 280 (30.60%) | 267 (29.37%) | |
| Yes | 6 (0.67%) | 7 (0.79%) | 9 (0.98%) | 4 (0.44%) | |
| Wrist Fracture | 0.378 | ||||
| No | 277 (31.05%) | 268 (30.08%) | 261 (28.52%) | 252 (27.72%) | |
| Yes | 22 (2.47%) | 16 (1.80%) | 28 (3.06%) | 19 (2.09%) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 0.797 | ||||
| No | 830 (93.05%) | 836 (93.83%) | 856 (93.55%) | 856 (94.17%) | |
| Yes | 62 (6.95%) | 55 (6.17%) | 59 (6.45%) | 53 (5.83%) | |
| Stroke | 0.757 | ||||
| No | 819 (91.82%) | 816 (91.58%) | 837 (91.48%) | 826 (90.87%) | |
| Yes | 25 (2.80%) | 32 (3.59%) | 27 (2.95%) | 25 (2.75%) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.281 | ||||
| No | 808 (90.58%) | 823 (92.37%) | 839 (91.69%) | 833 (91.64%) | |
| Yes | 32 (3.59%) | 25 (2.81%) | 23 (2.51%) | 17 (1.87%) | |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.647 | ||||
| No | 810 (90.81%) | 814 (91.36%) | 834 (91.15%) | 820 (90.21%) | |
| Yes | 34 (3.81%) | 32 (3.59%) | 25 (2.73%) | 29 (3.19%) | |
| Heart attack | 0.886 | ||||
| No | 813 (91.14%) | 819 (91.92%) | 830 (90.71%) | 823 (90.54%) | |
| Yes | 32 (3.59%) | 29 (3.25%) | 33 (3.61%) | 29 (3.19%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.103 | ||||
| No | 760 (85.20%) | 766 (85.97%) | 772 (84.37%) | 780 (85.81%) | |
| Yes | 95 (10.65%) | 102 (11.45%) | 116 (12.68%) | 112 (12.32%) | |
| Thyroid disease | 0.432 | ||||
| No | 766 (85.87%) | 753 (84.51%) | 775 (84.70%) | 781 (85.92%) | |
| Yes | 78 (8.74%) | 93 (10.44%) | 89 (9.73%) | 70 (7.70%) | |
| Arthritis | 0.559 | ||||
| No | 621 (69.62%) | 618 (69.36%) | 646 (70.60%) | 649 (71.40%) | |
| Yes | 219 (24.55%) | 229 (25.70%) | 215 (23.50%) | 201 (22.11%) | |
| Gout | 0.303 | ||||
| No | 814 (91.26%) | 811 (91.02%) | 833 (91.04%) | 804 (88.45%) | |
| Yes | 31 (3.48%) | 37 (4.15%) | 31 (3.39%) | 47 (5.17%) | |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.559 | ||||
| No | 621 (69.62%) | 618 (69.36%) | 646 (70.60%) | 649 (71.40%) | |
| Yes | 98 (10.99%) | 114 (12.79%) | 95 (10.38%) | 90 (9.90%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.930 | ||||
| No | 621 (69.62%) | 618 (69.36%) | 646 (70.60%) | 649 (71.40%) | |
| Yes | 38 (4.26%) | 37 (4.15%) | 36 (3.93%) | 41 (4.51%) | |
| Cancer | 0.719 | ||||
| No | 767 (85.99%) | 768 (86.20%) | 792 (86.56%) | 785 (86.36%) | |
| Yes | 78 (8.74%) | 80 (8.98%) | 72 (7.87%) | 67 (7.37%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.049 | ||||
| No | 648 (72.65%) | 637 (71.49%) | 649 (70.93%) | 609 (67.00%) | |
| Yes | 244 (27.35%) | 254 (28.51%) | 266 (29.07%) | 300 (33.00%) | |
| High TC level (mg/dL) | 0.043 | ||||
| <240 | 795 (90.14%) | 788 (89.14%) | 810 (89.50%) | 775 (86.21%) | |
| ≥240 | 87 (9.86%) | 96 (10.86%) | 95 (10.50%) | 124 (13.79%) | |
| High TG level (mg/dL) | <0.001 | ||||
| <200 | 170 (92.39%) | 334 (93.82%) | 467 (88.28%) | 555 (85.78%) | |
| ≥200 | 14 (7.61%) | 22 (6.18%) | 62 (11.72%) | 92 (14.22%) | |
| Low HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 0.815 | ||||
| ≥40 | 718 (81.41%) | 721 (81.56%) | 751 (82.98%) | 739 (82.20%) | |
| <40 | 164 (18.59%) | 163 (18.44%) | 154 (17.02%) | 160 (17.80%) | |
| High LDL-C level (mg/dL) | 0.294 | ||||
| <160 | 165 (91.16%) | 328 (92.13%) | 475 (91.00%) | 556 (88.68%) | |
| ≥160 | 16 (8.84%) | 28 (7.87%) | 47 (9.00%) | 71 (11.32%) | |