Table 2.
Multivariate regression analysis for effect of serum zinc on multiple health outcomes.
| Per 10 μg/dL increased in serum zinc | Un-adjusted Model |
Adjusted Model I |
Adjusted Model II |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β/OR (95%CI) | P value | β/OR (95%CI) | P value | β/OR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Bone related diseases | ||||||
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | ||||||
| Total Spine | 0.006 (−0.002, 0.014) | 0.119 | 0.009 (0.002, 0.016) | 0.011 | 0.009 (0.001, 0.016) | 0.020a |
| Total femur | 0.004 (−0.002, 0.010) | 0.242 | 0.005 (0.000, 0.011) | 0.034 | 0.005 (0.000, 0.010) | 0.049a |
| Femoral neck | 0.003 (−0.003, 0.009) | 0.321 | 0.005 (0.000, 0.010) | 0.063 | 0.005 (−0.001, 0.010) | 0.080a |
| Fracture | ||||||
| Total Fracture | 0.938 (0.863, 1.019) | 0.131 | 0.915 (0.832, 1.006) | 0.065 | 0.930 (0.841, 1.030) | 0.164b |
| Spine Fracture | 0.855 (0.655, 1.117) | 0.251 | 0.872 (0.643, 1.182) | 0.378 | 0.818 (0.424, 1.576) | 0.548c |
| Hip Fracture | 0.899 (0.690, 1.172) | 0.433 | 0.956 (0.698, 1.310) | 0.781 | 1.042 (0.742, 1.462) | 0.814d |
| Cardiovascular diseases and stroke | ||||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 1.035 (0.951, 1.127) | 0.421 | 1.071 (0.973, 1.180) | 0.161 | 1.056 (0.956, 1.167) | 0.282e |
| Stroke | 1.031 (0.914, 1.163) | 0.617 | 1.088 (0.949, 1.247) | 0.226 | 1.095 (0.951, 1.261) | 0.206e |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.046 (0.934, 1.172) | 0.437 | 1.085 (0.962, 1.224) | 0.184 | 1.064 (0.936, 1.209) | 0.342e |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.933 (0.814, 1.069) | 0.316 | 0.949 (0.816, 1.102) | 0.491 | 0.949 (0.814, 1.105) | 0.500e |
| Heart attack | 1.027 (0.916, 1.150) | 0.650 | 1.046 (0.919, 1.190) | 0.498 | 1.046 (0.915, 1.196) | 0.511e |
| Diabetes and Thyroid disease | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1.045 (0.980, 1.114) | 0.178 | 1.120 (1.039, 1.208) | 0.003 | 1.119 (1.035, 1.209) | 0.005f |
| Thyroid disease | 0.976 (0.906, 1.052) | 0.531 | 0.999 (0.914, 1.092) | 0.984 | 0.996 (0.911, 1.089) | 0.932g |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.020 (−0.039, 0.079) | 0.498 | 0.021 (−0.042, 0.085) | 0.508 | 0.015 (−0.048, 0.079) | 0.636f |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 0.015 (−0.008, 0.037) | 0.196 | 0.035 (0.013, 0.058) | 0.002 | 0.034 (0.012, 0.056) | 0.003f |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | −2.579 (−5.89, 0.727) | 0.127 | −0.693 (−3.84, 2.456) | 0.666 | −0.809 (−3.985, 2.367) | 0.618f |
| Arthritis and gout | ||||||
| Arthritis | 0.970 (0.923, 1.021) | 0.242 | 0.994 (0.933, 1.060) | 0.857 | 0.992 (0.930, 1.058) | 0.807a |
| Gout | 1.075 (0.972, 1.189) | 0.158 | 1.089 (0.973, 1.218) | 0.137 | 1.092 (0.987, 1.208) | 0.089a |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.984 (0.918, 1.054) | 0.640 | 0.996 (0.913, 1.086) | 0.926 | 0.993 (0.922, 1.070) | 0.854a |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.003 (0.902, 1.114) | 0.963 | 1.039 (0.921, 1.174) | 0.532 | 1.004 (0.902, 1.118) | 0.936a |
| Cancer | ||||||
| All kind of cancer | 0.982 (0.909, 1.061) | 0.650 | 1.013 (0.928, 1.106) | 0.776 | 1.001 (0.924, 1.085) | 0.980h |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 1.052 (1.005, 1.102) | 0.029 | 1.025 (0.973, 1.081) | 0.351 | 1.022 (0.969, 1.078) | 0.420i |
| High TC level | 1.086 (1.018, 1.158) | 0.012 | 1.091 (1.015, 1.172) | 0.018 | 1.099 (1.022, 1.182) | 0.011i |
| High TG levle | 1.173 (1.071, 1.285) | 0.001 | 1.137 (1.025, 1.262) | 0.015 | 1.122 (1.009, 1.248) | 0.033i |
| Low HDL-C level | 0.981 (0.928, 1.038) | 0.504 | 0.928 (0.869, 0.992) | 0.028 | 0.920 (0.860, 0.983) | 0.014i |
| High LDL-C level | 1.074 (0.970, 1.188) | 0.169 | 1.072 (0.954, 1.203) | 0.241 | 1.078 (0.958, 1.213) | 0.212i |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.891 (1.018, 2.764) | 0.001 | 2.035 (1.106, 2.964) | 0.001 | 2.219 (1.305, 3.133) | <0.001i |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 6.536 (3.573, 9.499) | 0.001 | 5.483 (2.232, 8.733) | 0.001 | 4.962 (1.699, 8.224) | 0.003i |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.227 (−0.099, 0.554) | 0.173 | 0.301 (−0.013, 0.616) | 0.060 | 0.355 (0.042, 0.667) | 0.026i |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.118 (−0.010, 2.246) | 0.052 | 1.477 (0.229, 2.726) | 0.021 | 1.602 (0.383, 2.821) | 0.010i |
Model I adjust for: Sex; Age (y); Race; Smoking; Alcohol drinking; Moderate activity; Body Mass Index (kg/m2); Waist Circumference (cm); Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg).
Model II adjust for.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia; Total femur BMD.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia; Spine BMD.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia; Femoral neck BMD.
Model I plus DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia.
Model I plus CVD; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Arthritis; Cancer; Dyslipidemia.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Dyslipidemia.
Model I plus CVD; DM; Thyroid disease; Arthritis; Cancer.