Table 2.

Molecular‐based methods used for assessing viral infectivity

Method	Treatment	Detection	Type of sample	Target virus	References
Molecular	Proteinase and RNase	RT‐PCR	Cell culture	FCV HAV, MNoV, poliovirus 1,	Nuanualsuwan & Cliver (2002, 2003); Baert et al. (2008)
	Proteinase and RNase	qNASBA	Stool samples and cell culture	NoV, FCV	Lamhoujeb et al. (2008, 2009)
	RNase protection assay	qRT‐PCR	Stool samples and cell culture	NoV, FCV	Topping et al. (2009)
		5’ NTR RT‐PCR	Cell culture	HAV	Bhattacharya et al. (2004); Li et al. (2002, 2004)
		Long target region (LTR) qRT‐PCR	Cell culture	HAV, poliovirus 1, F‐specific RNA phages	Li et al. (2002); Simonet & Gantzer (2006a, b)
Cell culture + molecular	Attachment to cell monolayer	RT‐PCR	Cell culture	HAV, poliovirus 1, FCV	Nuanualsuwan & Cliver (2003)
	Virus replication in cell culture (ICC: integrated cell culture)	RT‐PCR	Different types of water, sewage effluent, faecal specimens and cell culture	AdV, AstV, EV, poliovirus, RV, HAV, MS2	Blackmer et al. (2000); Chapron et al. (2000); Jiang et al. (2004); Ko et al. (2003, 2005); Lee & Kim (2002); Lee & Jeong (2004); Li et al. (2009); Nuanualsuwan & Cliver (2003); Reynolds et al. (1996); Shieh et al. (2008)
Immunological +molecular	Antibody capture	RT‐PCR	Different types of water, faecal samples and cell culture	HAV, NoV, poliovirus 1, FCV	Gilpatrick et al. (2000); Myrmel et al. (2000); Schwab et al. (1996)
	Immunomagnetic separation	qRT‐PCR	Artificially contaminated groundwater	HAV	Abd El Galil et al. (2004)

RT‐PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR; qRT‐PCR, reverse transcriptase real‐time PCR; qNASBA, real‐time nucleic acid sequence–based amplification; FCV, feline calicivirus; mNoV, murine NoV.

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