Fig. 1.

WNV infection is inhibited in the presence of VCP inhibitors. (A) WNV infection in the presence of either EerI (left panels) or MDBN (right panels). HeLa cells were inoculated with WNV (MOI = 1) and then treated with EerI or MDBN at 1 h.p.i. Cells were harvested at 24 h.p.i. and stained with anti-JEV antibody (Kimura et al., 1994, Kobayashi et al., 2012) that has cross reactivity with WNV antigen (green). Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). (B) Positivity of WNV-infected cells from (A). Mean ± SD from triplicate experiments is shown; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA). (C) The culture supernatants from (A) were collected at 24 h.p.i. and the viral titers of the harvested supernatants were examined by plaque assay. Mean ± SD from three independent experiments is shown; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA).