Table 1.

Toll-like receptors and their ligands

Receptor	Ligand	Origin
TLR1	Triacyl lipopeptides	Bacteria, Mycobacteria
	Soluble factors	Neisseria meningitidis
TLR2	Lipoprotein/lipopeptides	Different pathogens
	Peptidoglycan	Gram-positive bacteria
	Lipoteichoic acid	Gram-positive bacteria
	Lipoarabinomannan	Mycobacteria
	Phenol-soluble modulin	Staphylococcus epidermidis
	Glycoinositolphospholipids	Trypanosoma cruzi
	Glycolipids	Treponema maltophilum
	Porins	Neisseria
	Zymosan	Fungi
	Atypical LPS	Leptospira interrogans
	Atypical LPS	Porphyromonas gingivalis
	Heat-shock protein 70	Host
TLR3	Double-stranded RNA	Viruses
TLR4	LPS	Gram-negative bacteria
	Taxol	Plants
	Fusion protein	Respiratory syncytial virus
	Envelope protein	Mouse mammary-tumor virus
	Heat-shock protein 60	Chlamydia pneumoniae
	Heat-shock protein 70	Host
	Type III repeat extra domain A of fibronectin	Host
	Oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid	Host
	Polysaccharide fragments of heparan sulphate	Host
	Fibrinogen	Host
TLR5	Flagellin	Bacteria
TLR6	Diacyl lipopeptides	Mycoplasma
	Lipoteichoic acid	Gram-positive bacteria
	Zymosan	Fungi
TLR7	Imidazoquinoline	Synthetic compounds
	Loxoribine	Synthetic compounds
	Bropirimine	Synthetic compounds
	Single-stranded RNA	Viruses
TLR8	Imidazoquinoline	Synthetic compounds
	Single-stranded RNA	Viruses
TLR9	CpG-containing DNA	Bacteria and viruses
TLR10	Unknown	Unknown
TLR11	Unknown	Uropathogenic bacteria

Data obtained from Refs. [257], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265], [266], [267], [268], [269], [270], [271], [272], [273], [274], [275], [276], [277], [278], [279], [280], [281], [282], [283], [284], [285], [286], [287], [288], [289], [290], [291], [292], [293].