Table I.
Univariate analysis of control measures for prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome
| Control group (non-infected) | Case group (infected) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 31) | (N = 19) | ||
| A. Triage used in hospital | |||
| Triage for patients with fever of unknown origin in EDa | 28 (90.3%) | 9 (47.4%) | 0.001 |
| Set up fever ED stations outside of EDb | 23 (74.2%) | 2 (10.5%) | <0.001 |
| Body temperature screening in main entrancea | 31 (100%) | 11 (57.9%) | <0.001 |
| Body temperature screening for patientsa | 30 (96.8%) | 11 (57.9%) | 0.001 |
| Body temperature screening for HCWsa | 30 (96.8%) | 11 (57.9%) | 0.001 |
| B. Zones of risk | |||
| Separation of fever patients within physical barrier isolated region in EDb | 13 (41.9%) | 3 (15.8%) | NS |
| Moving patient into a special designated centralised isolation ward or evacuate patients within a general wardb | 27 (87.1%) | 4 (21.1%) | <0.001 |
| Separate elevators and routes for patients and HCWsb | 25 (80.6%) | 5 (26.3%) | <0.001 |
| Installation of physical barriers between zones of risk of isolation wardb | 19 (61.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | <0.001 |
| C. Hand-washing/disinfection | |||
| Installation of hand-washing station in EDb | 28 (90.3%) | 6 (31.6%) | <0.001 |
| Disinfectant solution available at main entrance (of hospital)a | 30 (96.8%) | 10 (52.6%) | <0.001 |
| Set up hand-washing facilities around whole hospitalb | 20 (64.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 0.009 |
| Set up alcohol dispensers at checkpoints for glove-on hand rubbing between zones of riska | 30 (96.8%) | 5 (26.3%) | <0.001 |
| D. NPIR/PPE | |||
| Set up of standardised NPIR in hospitala | 19 (61.3%) | 4 (21.1%) | 0.006 |
| Set up of simplified NPIR within hospitalb | 21 (67.7%) | 8 (42.1%) | NS |
| Wearing N95 mask in EDa | 30 (96.8%) | 14 (73.7%) | NS |
| Wearing N95 mask within zones of riska | 31 (100%) | 12 (63.2%) | <0.001 |
| Mask worn when entering hospitala | 31 (100%) | 11 (57.9%) | <0.001 |
| Wearing surgical mask in OPDa | 30 (96.8%) | 14 (73.7%) | 0.015 |
| Wearing surgical mask in warda | 30 (96.8%) | 14 (73.7%) | 0.015 |
| Number (layer) of gowning in EDcd | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | NS |
| Number (layer) of gloves in EDcd | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | NS |
| E. Administration | |||
| Establishing crisis response teama | 31 (100%) | 11 (57.9%) | <0.001 |
| Exclude visitors from hospitalb | 25 (80.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.001 |
| Support from administration for ICPb | 25 (83.3%) | 6 (31.6%) | <0.001 |
| Support from administration for IDa | 29 (96.7%) | 11 (57.9%) | 0.001 |
| Support from superintendent/directors for infection controla | 29 (96.7%) | 10 (52.6%) | <0.001 |
ED, emergency department; HCW, healthcare worker; NPIR, negative-pressure isolation room; PPE, personal protective equipment; OPD, outpatient department; ICP, infection control practitioner; ID, infectious diseases specialist or physician; NS, non-significant. Number (percentage) is shown for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) is shown for continuous variables.
a
Fisher’s exact test.
b
χ2-Test.
c
Mann–Whitney U-test.
d
Incomplete data.