Table 1.
Role of MAPK signaling in virus replication.
| Signaling pathway | Cellular mediator | Impact on virus replication | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| RTK family | Abl | Positively regulates transport and release of poxviruses | (Reeves et al., 2005) |
| EGFR | Facilitates vaccinia virus spread | (Langhammer et al., 2011) | |
| VEGF | Facilitates ORFV replication and formation of pock-like lesions | (Wise et al., 1999) | |
| Facilitates HSV-1 induced stromal keratitis | (Sharma et al., 2011) | ||
| Src kinase | Positively regulates assembly, maturation and egress of WNV | (Hirsch et al., 2005) | |
| Positively regulates assembly and maturation of DENV | (Chu and Yang, 2007) | ||
| NGFR | Positively regulates RNA synthesis, vRNP export and release (budding) of IAV | (Kumar et al., 2011a) | |
| PDGFR | Facilitates KSHV tumor progression | (Cao et al., 2015; Sturzl et al., 1992) | |
| GPCRs | GPCRs | Promotes membrane fusion and cell to cell spread in hHSV6 (mediated via viral U51 protein) | (Zhen et al., 2005) |
| Positively regulates replication and reactivation of gamma herpesvirus latency (mediated via viral CXCR2 protein) | (Lee et al., 2003) | ||
| Positively regulates flavivirus entry and RNA synthesis | (Le Sommer et al., 2012) | ||
| Ras/Akt | N-Ras | Promotes HCV replication by facilitating cell survival and establishment of persistent viral infection | (Mannova and Beretta, 2005) |
| Akt | Promotes clathrin-independent endocytosis and internalization of IAV | (Fujioka et al., 2011) | |
| Positively regulates PCV2 replication by inhibiting premature apoptosis | (Wei et al., 2012) | ||
| By expressing anti-apoptotic genes, positively regulates cowpox virus and vaccinia virus replication | (Soares et al., 2009) | ||
| Inhibits endocytic uptake of the influenza viruses | (Denisova et al., 2014) | ||
| mTORC2 | Positively regulates adenovirus replication (mediated via viral proteins that mimic nutrient/growth signals regulating mTOR pathway) | (O’Shea et al., 2005) | |
| Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK | Ras | Positively regulates reovirus replication and spread | (Shmulevitz et al., 2010) |
| Ras-GTP | Positively regulates HBV replication and transcription (mediated via HBV transcriptional transactivating protein HBx) | (Benn and Schneider, 1994; Tang et al., 2005) | |
| Cleavage of RasGAP | Positively regulates enterovirus replication | (Huber et al., 1999) | |
| Raf | Positively regulates parvovirus transport across nuclear membrane as well as capsid assembly | (Riolobos et al., 2010) | |
| Positively regulates synthesis and release of HIV-1 | (Flory et al., 1998) | ||
| RKIP | Modulation of immune response to NDV | (Yin et al., 2015) | |
| MEK | Facilitates IAV nuclear export | (Ludwig et al., 2004; Pleschka et al., 2001) | |
| Positively regulates coronavirus genome synthesis |
(Cai et al., 2007) | ||
| Positively regulates BDV spread to neighboring cells | (Planz et al., 2001) | ||
| Positively regulates replication of human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC | (Ravichandran et al., 2007) | ||
| ERK1/2 | Positively regulates RNA/protein synthesis in astroviruses | (Moser and Schultz-Cherry, 2008) | |
| Positively regulates viral protein synthesis in alphaviruses | (Voss et al., 2014) | ||
| Positively regulates CVB3 replication | (Lim et al., 2005) | ||
| Positively regulates HCV genome synthesis | (Gretton et al., 2010) | ||
| Facilitates JUNV replication | (Rodriguez et al., 2014) | ||
| Positively regulates avian leukosis virus replication and virus-induced tumorogenesis | (Dai et al., 2016) | ||
| Ras/p38 | p38 | Regulates RNA translation of encephalomyocarditis virus | (Hirasawa et al., 2003) |
| Ras/JNK | JNK | viral protein and RNA synthesis of avian and human pandemic influenza A viruses | (Nacken et al., 2012) |
| Facilitates HSV-1 replication | (McLean and Bachenheimer, 1999) | ||
| MNK1/eIF4E (cap-dependent translation) | Phosphorylation of eIF4E | Positively regulates HSV-1 genome and protein synthesis | (Walsh and Mohr, 2004) |
| Facilitates IAV protein synthesis | (Kleijn et al., 1996) | ||
| mTORC1-mediated hypophosphorylation of 4E-BP1 | Facilitates CHIKV protein synthesis | (Joubert et al., 2015) | |
| Facilitates HSV-1 replication and translation | (Chuluunbaatar et al., 2010) | ||
| MNK1/SRPK (cap-independent translation) | Inhibition of mTOR/AKT signaling | Positively regulates poliovirus replication | (Brown et al., 2014b) |
| PCB2-mediated recruitment of PIC | Positively regulates poliovirus genome synthesis | (Chase et al., 2014) | |
| Facilitates HCV replication through binding with 5’UTR | (Wang et al., 2011) | ||
| PCB2/SRp20 interaction | PCB2/SRp20 interaction is essential to effectively translate pirconavirus mRNA | (Bedard et al., 2007). | |
| SRPK | Facilitates poliovirus cap-independent translation | (Brown et al., 2014a) | |
| eIF4 G-MNK1 interaction | Negatively regulates adenovirus replication | (Cuesta et al., 2004) | |
| Cleavage of eIF4 G | Facilitates IRES type I mediated enterovirus protein synthesis | (Thompson and Sarnow, 2003) | |
| PKR | eIF2α | Regulation of immune response against viral infections | (Bergmann et al., 2000; Weber et al., 2006) |
| PP2 A | Negatively regulates DNA synthesis in simian virus 40 | (Cegielska et al., 1994) |