Table 2.
Kinase inhibitors as antiviral agents.
| Cellular Target | Inhibitor | Virus(es) involved* | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abl-family | STI-571 (Gleevec) | Poxvirus, variola virus and monkeypox virus | (Reeves et al., 2005, 2011) |
| EGFR | Gefitinib (Iressa) | Poxvirus and HCMV | (Herget et al., 2004; Langhammer et al., 2011) |
| NGFR | AG879 | IAV, Sendai virus, HSV-1, MHV, and rotavirus | (Kumar et al., 2011a, b) |
| PDGFR | Tyrphostin A9 (A9) | IAV, Sendai virus, HSV-1, MHV, and rotavirus | (Kumar et al., 2011a, b) |
| Src family kinases | TG100572 | HSV-1 | (Sharma et al., 2011) |
| Raf (MAP3K) | Vemurafenib | IAV | (Holzberg et al., 2017) |
| MEK1/2 (MAP2K) | U0126 | IAV, IAB, PEDV, Astrovirus, BDV, Coronavirus, JUNV and HSV-1 | (Cai et al., 2007; Colao et al., 2017; Kim and Lee, 2015; Ludwig et al., 2004; Moser and Schultz-Cherry, 2008; Planz et al., 2001; Rodriguez et al., 2014) |
| Cl-1040 (PD184352) | IAV | (Haasbach et al., 2017) | |
| ERK1/2 (MAPK) | FR180204 | DENV and Lentivirus | (Bukong et al., 2010; Sreekanth et al., 2014) |
| Ag-126 | VEEV | (Voss et al., 2014) | |
| p38 (MAPK) | SB203580 | EMCV and HSV-1 | (Hirasawa et al., 2003; Walsh and Mohr, 2004) |
| SB 202190 | Influenza (H5N1, H7N7) virus, EMCV and Avian reovirus | (Borgeling et al., 2014; Chulu et al., 2010; Hirasawa et al., 2003) | |
| JNK (MAPK) | AS601245 | IAV | (Nacken et al., 2012) |
| SP600125 | IAV and HCMV | (Nacken et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015) | |
| MNK1 | CGP57380 | HSV-1, Poxvirus and HCMV | (Walsh et al., 2008; Walsh and Mohr, 2004; Walsh et al., 2005) |
| eIF4E/eIF4 G | 4E2RCat | Coronavirus | (Cencic et al., 2011) |
| mTORC1 | Rapamycin | HCV | (Stohr et al., 2016) |
| Akt | MK2206 | IAV | (Denisova et al., 2014) |
*Abbreviations: IAV: Influenza A virus, DENV: dengue virus, EMCV: Encephalomyocarditis Virus, HCV: Hepatitis C virus, HCMV: Human cytomegalovirus, HSV: Herpes simplex virus, MHV: Mouse hepatitis virus, PEDV: Porcine epidemic dirrhoea virus, JUNV: Junin virus, VEEV: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.