Table 2.

List of targeted nanocarriers evaluated for HIV therapy.

S. no	Nanocarrier	Targeting moiety	Therapeutic agent	Stage	Outcomes	Citation
1	Gelatin	Mannose	Didanosine	Preclinical	Enhanced uptake of the formulation in lymphoid organs	[105]
2	Gelatin	Mannan	Didanosine	Preclinical	Enhanced uptake of the formulation in liver, brain, spleen lymphoid organs	[149]
3	Albumin	Transferrin	AZT	Preclinical	Enhanced bio-distribution of drug in the brain cells compared with free drug	[125]
4	PLA	TAT	Ritonavir	Preclinical	Higher bioavailability and shows sustained release with lesser clearance in CNS	[150]
5	Liposome	Anti-HLA-DR	Indinavir	Preclinical	Lesser toxicity and immunogenicity compared with free drug	[151]
6	Liposome	LFA-1	RNAi	Preclinical	Enhanced reduction in the viral load in case of the BLT-mice treated with nano-formulation.	[36]
7	Dendrimer	Mannose	Lamivudine, Efavirenz	Preclinical	Increase uptake in liver, spleen, kidney macrophages	[104], [152]
8	Lipid nanoparticles	CD4 binding peptide	Indinavir	Preclinical	Increased intracellular concentration of the drug in the lymph nodes and high antiviral activity-macaques	[153]
9	Liposome	Galactose	AZT	Preclinical	No hematological toxicity and higher accumulation and half life of the formulation in the liver of Sprague–Dawley rats	[154]
10	Liposome	Mannose	Zidovudine	Preclinical	Higher uptake of nano-formulation in spleen and lymph nodes	[155]
11	Liposome	Mannose	Stavudine	Preclinical	Drug concentrated in the liver, spleen and lungs and lesser clearance of the system	[156]
12	Liposome	Galactose	Stavudine	Preclinical	Higher concentration of nano-formulation in liver and lesser toxicity both liver and blood	[157]
13	Nano conjugate	ScFvCD7Cys-9R	SiRNA	Preclinical	Suppressed viremia in Hu-HSC mice	[158]
14	F105-p	ErbB2 single chain	SiRNA	Preclinical	Successful delivery of the siRNA into HIV infected cells of mice.	[159]
15	PLA	P24	P24	Preclinical	Increase humoral and cell mediated response stimulated by the p24 protein in PLA	[160]
16	Nanoparticle	Adjuvants	Plasmid DNA	Phase II clinical trails	Enhanced transport of the plasmid DNA to the Langerhans cells of the lymph nodes for maturation into dendritic cells for cellular immunity	[161]
17	Dendrimer	Tuftsin	Efavirenz	In vitro	–	[162]
18	Conjugate	Tuftsin	AZT	In vitro	–	[163]
19	PLGA	Transferrin	Nevirapine	In vitro	–	[122]
20	Liposome	Anti-HLA-DR	Amphotericin B	In vitro	–	[45]
21	Liposome	Anti-gp120	P11	In vitro	–	[164]
22	Liposome	CD4-IgG	–	In vitro	–	[24]
23	Liposome	CCR5	EDTA	In vitro	–	[64]
24	Chimeric	Anti-gp120 aptamer	RNAi	In vitro	–	[165]