Table 1.

Participant demographics at baseline (n=35) and follow-up (n=20)

Participant characteristic	Baseline n (%)	Follow-up n (%)
Age
Mean	42	40
Range	21–57 years	27–50 years
Ethnicity
Indigenous	18 (51.5%)	12 (60.0%)
White	15 (42.8%)	7 (35.0%)
Other (Black, Asian, multiracial)	2 (5.7%)	1 (5.0%)
Gender
Cisgender	32 (91.4%)	17 (85.0%)
Transgender, two-spirit1, non-binary	3 (8.6%)	3 (15.0%)
In a relationship
Yes	21 (60.0%)	11 (55.0%)
No	14 (40.0%)	9 (45.0%)
SRA housing type
Non-profit	19 (54.3%)	13 (65.0%)
Privately-operated	9 (25.7%)	2 (10.0%)
Privately-owned, non-profit-operated	7 (20.0%)	2 (10.0%)
Unhoused2	0 (0.0%)	3 (15.0%)
Overdoses3	In past year	In previous 6 months
None	18 (51.4%)	18 (90.0%)
One	8 (22.8%)	1 (5.0%)
Two	2 (5.8%)	0 (0.0%)
Three or more (range: 3 – 10 overdoses)	7 (20.0%)	1 (5.0%)
Integrated harm reduction services in SRA
HOPS and harm reduction supplies	17 (48.6%)	9 (45.0%)
Harm reduction supplies only	4 (11.4%)	5 (25.0%)
No harm reduction supplies	14 (40.0%)	3 (15.0%)
N/A4	0 (0.0%)	3 (15.0%)
Ever utilized HOPS5
Yes – for consumption	6 (17.1%)	6 (30.0%)
Yes – for harm reduction supplies only	1 (2.9%)	0 (0.0%)
No	10 (28.6%)	4 (20.0%)
N/A	18 (51.4%)	10 (50.0%)

¹A non-binary, fluid term denoting Indigenous persons with both feminine and masculine spirits; used to describe sexuality or gender (Ristock et al., 2010).

²Participants reported staying at shelters, with friends in non-profit operated SRAs, and sleeping outside.

³Indigenous participants reported a total of 34 overdoses within the last year at baseline, compared to 14 overdoses among non-Indigenous participants.

⁴Includes unhoused participants at follow-up.

⁵All participants described their HOPS utilization as a singular event or sporadic; no one reported regular use.