Table 1.
Description of studies included in meta-analysis reporting cognitive domain performance in autism and schizophrenia, sorted by increasing mean sample age.
| Characteristic | Group | Mean Across Studies | Bölte, Rudolf (13) | Goldstein, Minshew (27) ǂ | Marinopoulou, Lugnegård (14) | Murphy (36) | Mançe Çalişir, Atbaşoğlu (35) | de Boer, Spek (37) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test Version | WISC-R, WAIS-R | WAIS-R | WAIS-III | WAIS-R | WAIS ^ | WAIS-III | ||
| Number of Included Measures | 10 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 14 | |
| N | ASD | 43 | 20 | 31 | 50 | 13 | 32 | 114 |
| SZ | 32 | 20 | 80 | 33 | 13 | 17 | 27 | |
| Recruitment | ASD | N/A | N/A | Outpatient clinic and adult rehabilitation records | Forensic psychiatric hospital | N/A | Mental health institution | |
| SZ | University hospital inpatient and outpatient clinics | Veterans’ hospital inpatient clinic | Outpatient clinic | Forensic psychiatric hospital | Newspaper advertisement | Mental health institution | ||
| Diagnosis | ASD | Autism | High-functioning autism excluding Asperger syndrome | Asperger syndrome | Asperger syndrome | Autism and Asperger syndrome | High-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome | |
| SZ | Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder | Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia | ||
| Age (years) | ASD | 28.2 (7.8) | 16.8 (2.1) | 21.4 (9.8) | 27.7 (3.9) | 32.1 (6.5) | 33.9 (9.4) | 37.4 (10.6) |
| SZ | 28.4 (9.1) | 16.6 (1.5) | – | 29.1 (4.3) | 30.2 (4.2) | 24.6 (3.2) | 41.5 (9.3) | |
| Sex (% male) | ASD | 68% | 55% | – | 50% | 100% | 53% | 81% |
| SZ | 73% | 55% | 100% | 55% | 100% | 47% | 78% | |
| Education | ASD | – | 10.7 (2.9) | 14% some college | – | 16.1 (2.6) | – | |
| SZ | – | – | 21% some college | – | 13.4 (1.1) | – | ||
| Intellectual Disability | No exclusion + | Excluded IQ<70 | Excluded IQ<70 | No exclusion | Excluded education <12 years | Excluded IQ<80 | ||
| Estimated IQ | ASD | 98.0 (8.9) | 82.5 (24.1) | 99.6 (13.1) | 102.4 (12.3) | 100.1 (15.9) | – | 105.3 (12.5) |
| SZ | 90.8 (9.1) | 83.9 (22.3) | – | 94.5 (13.4) | 82.9 (8.3) | – | 101.9 (12.3) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; SZ, schizophrenia. N/A, not available. WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (15); WAIS-R: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (16); WISC-R: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (34).
ǂ Goldstein, Minshew (27) divided schizophrenia into four clusters: Moderately Impaired, High Functioning, Severely Impaired, and Severely Impaired Psychomotor.
+30% of ASD group has comorbid epilepsy.
^Scale version is Turkish translation of the first scale version (38) due to difficulties with norming for subsequent editions.