Table 2.

Association between corticosteroid use and psychiatric disorders

	Number	Mood disorders					Anxiety disorders
		present, n (%)	crude model		adjusted modela		present, n (%)	crude model		adjusted modela
			OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Nonusers	74,591	2,393 (3.2)	Ref.		Ref.		7,138 (9.6)	Ref.		Ref.
Overall
users	9,001	409 (4.5)	1.44	1.29–1.60***	1.26	1.13–1.41***	1,074 (11.9)	1.28	1.20–1.37***	1.17	1.09–1.26***
Route
Local	8,608	385 (4.5)	1.41	1.27–1.58***	1.24	1.11–1.40***	1,035 (12.0)	1.29	1.21–1.38***	1.18	1.10–1.27***
Systemic	393	24 (6.1)	1.96	1.30–2.97**	1.58	1.02–2.44*	39 (9.9)	1.04	0.75–1.45	0.86	0.61–1.21
Single type
Systemic	280	18 (6.4)	2.07	1.28–3.35**	1.75	1.05–2.91*	28 (10.0)	1.05	0.71–1.55	0.89	0.59–1.34
Inhaled	3,248	182 (5.6)	1.79	1.53–2.09***	1.40	1.19–1.65***	421 (13.0)	1.41	1.27–1.56***	1.19	1.06–1.33**
Nasal	2,142	75 (3.5)	1.10	0.87–1.38	1.06	0.83–1.35	249 (11.6)	1.24	1.09–1.42**	1.21	1.05–1.39**
Dermal	1,620	46 (2.8)	0.88	0.66–1.19	0.90	0.66–1.22	177 (10.9)	1.16	0.99–1.36	1.18	1.01–1.40*
Others	263	14 (5.3)	1.70	0.99–2.91	1.63	0.93–2.86	28 (10.6)	1.13	0.76–1.67	1.04	0.69–1.57

^*p > 0.050

^**p> 0.010

^***p > 0.001. The group of non-corticosteroid users is taken as reference.

^aThe analyses are adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, cardiovascular diseases, and use of psychotropic drugs.