Table 4.

VTE related-genes reported by GWAS and their putative links with cancer hallmarks.

Genes	HUGO nomenclature	Molecular processes that promote carcinogenesis	Potential cancer hallmarks
F5	Coagulation Factor V	Generation of thrombin	Metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and apoptosis [11]
CCDC181 (C1orf114)	Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 181	Despite the unknown role in carcinogenesis, this gene is frequently methylated in patients with prostate cancer [12]	Genome instability and mutation
ABO	ABO Blood Group	Activation of adhesion molecules [13]	Inflammation, immune evasion and metastasis [13, 14]
		Regulation of plasmatic levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) [11]	Angiogenesis and apoptosis [15]
C4BPB	Complement Component 4 Binding Protein Beta	Inactivation of protein S, which is an important cofactor to activated protein C and constitutes a ligand for the Axl family of receptor tyrosine kinases [16, 17]	Inflammation and apoptosis [16] Proliferation signalling, invasion and apoptosis through Axl receptor tyrosine kinase signalling [18]
NME7	NME/NM23 Family Member 7	Embryonic Stem Cell Renewal [19]	Metastasis
FGB/FGG/FGA	Fibrinogen Beta Chain/ Fibrinogen Gamma Chain/ Fibrinogen Alpha Chain	Formation of fibrin clot	Angiogenesis [11]
		Immune response [20]	Immune evasion and inflammation
		Augmentation of the proliferative effect of fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) [21]	Proliferative signalling and angiogenesis [21]
F11	Coagulation Factor XI	Generation of Factor Xa	Apoptosis [22]
		Generation of thrombin	Metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and apoptosis [11]
SLC19A2	Solute Carrier Family 19 Member 2	Metabolism	Cancer metabolism
F2	Coagulation Factor II, thrombin	Generation of thrombin	Metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and apoptosis [11]
CNTN6	Contactin 6	Activating of Notch signalling pathway [23] Mediation of cell surface interactions	Proliferative signalling and metastasis [11]
OTUD7A	OTU Deubiquitinase 7A	Modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression through interaction with TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6)	Metastasis [24]
SV2C	Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2C	Modulation of dopamine release [25]	Apoptosis and inflammation [26]
SUSD1	Sushi Domain Containing 1	Unknown role in carcinogenesis	unknown
PROCR	Protein C Receptor	Protein C pathway	Proliferative signalling, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis and immune evasion [27] Angiogenesis [28]
ZFPM2 (FOG2)	Zinc Finger Protein, FOG Family Member 2	GATA transcriptional network	Apoptosis, invasion and inflammation [29]
			Angiogenesis [30]
TSPAN15	Tetraspanin 15	Mediates signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell activation, growth, development and motility.	Metastasis [31]
SLC44A2	Solute Carrier Family 44 Member 2	Metabolism	Cancer metabolism
FUNDC2	FUN14 Domain Containing 2	Modulation of platelet survival [32]	Metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion [33]
COX7A2L	Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 7A2 Like	Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation	Cancer metabolism
EPHA3	EPH Receptor A3	Regulation of developmental events Regulation of cytoskeletal organization, cell-cell adhesion and cell migration	Invasion and metastasis [34] Angiogenesis [35]
B3GAT2	Beta-1,3-Glucuronyltransferase 2	Mismatch repair deficiency [36]	Genome instability and mutation
THBD	Thrombomodulin	Protein C pathway Regulation of adhesion molecules [37]	Angiogenesis [28] Invasion and metastasis [37]
LEMD3 (MAN1)	LEM Domain Containing 3	Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signalling at the inner nuclear membrane	Proliferative signalling, invasion and apoptosis [38] Immune evasion [39]
LY86 (MD-1)	Lymphocyte Antigen 86	Innate Immune System	Inflammation
LOC100130298	HCG1816373-Like	Unknown role in carcinogenesis	Unknown

The data shown in Table 4 concerning the HUGO nomenclature and the molecular process involved in carcinogenesis were obtained from "Genecards" database (exceptions are referenced).