Table 1.
Participant Characteristics and Bivariate Association with EI Referral and Enrollment (N = 256)
| Category | Total | EI Referrala | EI Enrollmenta | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 256 | No | Yes | pb | No | Yes | pb | |
| N = 59 | N = 197 | N = 133 | N = 123 | ||||
| N (Column Percent) or Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Child | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | 39 (75.0) | 146 (76.0) | 0.86 | 88 (71.5) | 97 (80.2) | 0.14 | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 185 (72.3) | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 33 (12.9) | ||||||
| African-American | 9 (3.5) | ||||||
| Other | 17 (6.6) | ||||||
| Unknown | 12 (4.7) | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 136 (53.1) | 32 (54.2) | 104 (52.8) | 0.88 | 72 (54.1) | 64 (52.0) | 0.80 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.61 | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.10 |
| Gestational age (wk) (N = 248) | 38.9 (1.7) | 38.9 (1.5) | 39.0 (1.7) | 0.94 | 39.0 (1.6) | 38.8 (1.7) | 0.27 |
| 35 to <37 | 19 (7.7) | ||||||
| 37 to <39 | 114 (46.0) | ||||||
| 39+ | 115 (46.4) | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay (wk) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.66 | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.7) | 0.01 |
| First tertile: 0.9—2.4 wk (N = 87) | 1.9 (0.4) | ||||||
| Second tertile: 2.6—3.6 wk (N = 80) | 3.0 (0.4) | ||||||
| Third tertile: 3.7–9.9 wk (N = 86) | 5.2 (1.5) | ||||||
| Any breastfeeding | 54 (21.1) | 11 (18.6) | 43 (21.8) | 0.72 | 33 (24.8) | 21 (17.1) | 0.17 |
| Medication for treatment | |||||||
| Morphine | 245 (95.7) | 58 (98.3) | 187 (94.9) | 0.47 | 129 (97.0) | 116 (94.3) | 0.36 |
| Phenobarbital | 181 (70.7) | 46 (78.0) | 135 (68.5) | 0.19 | 98 (73.7) | 83 (67.5) | 0.34 |
| Clonidine | 57 (22.3) | 11 (18.6) | 46 (23.4) | 0.48 | 31 (23.3) | 26 (21.1) | 0.76 |
| None | 10 (3.9) | ||||||
| Parental custody at hospital discharge | |||||||
| Biological parent | 195 (76.2) | 38 (64.4) | 157 (79.7) | 105 (79.0) | 90 (73.2) | 0.31 | |
| Foster parent | 61 (23.8) | 21 (35.6) | 40 (20.3) | 0.02 | 28 (21.1) | 33 (26.8) | |
| Mother | |||||||
| Age at time of infant birth (yr) (N = 252) | 28.3 (5.2) | 28.1 (5.0) | 28.3 (5.2) | 0.74 | 28.1 (5.0) | 28.4 (5.3) | 0.65 |
| Psychiatric diagnoses | |||||||
| Bipolar disorder | 39 (15.2) | 10 (17.0) | 29 (14.7) | 0.68 | 20 (15.0) | 19 (15.5) | 1.00 |
| Depression | 104 (40.6) | 25 (42.4) | 79 (40.1) | 0.76 | 53 (39.9) | 51 (41.5) | 0.80 |
| Anxiety | 69 (27.0) | 21 (35.6) | 48 (24.4) | 0.10 | 39 (29.3) | 30 (24.4) | 0.40 |
| Any psychiatric medications | 85 (33.2) | 22 (37.3) | 63 (32.0) | 0.53 | 38 (28.6) | 47 (38.2) | 0.11 |
| Enrolled in MAT | 211 (82.4) | 51 (86.4) | 160 (81.2) | 0.44 | 109 (82.0) | 102 (82.9) | 0.87 |
| MAT-specific medication | |||||||
| Methadone | 139 (54.3) | 35 (68.6) | 104 (65.0) | 72 (66.1) | 67 (65.7) | ||
| Suboxone/buprenorphine | 72 (28.1) | 16 (31.4) | 56 (35.0) | 0.74 | 37 (33.9) | 35 (34.3) | 1.00 |
| Duration in MAT, mo (N = 161) | 16.8 (17.5) | 13.9 (13.9) | 17.7 (18.5) | 0.49 | 16.3 (17.2) | 17.3 (18.0) | 0.80 |
| Tobacco use in pregnancy | 148 (57.8) | 37 (62.7) | 111 (56.4) | 0.45 | 75 (56.4) | 73 (59.4) | 0.70 |
| Marijuana use in pregnancy | 42 (16.4) | 9 (15.3) | 33 (16.8) | 1.00 | 21 (15.8) | 21 (17.1) | 0.87 |
| Any illicit drug use during pregnancy | 92 (35.9) | 21 (35.6) | 71 (36.0) | 0.91 | 43 (32.6) | 49 (40.2) | 0.24 |
| Cocaine | 42 (16.4) | ||||||
| Heroin | 8 (3.1) | ||||||
| Oxycodone | 41 (16.0) | ||||||
| Other | 1 (0.4) | ||||||
| Unknown | 2 (0.8) | ||||||
CI, confidence interval; EI, early intervention; MAT, medication-assisted treatment.
a
Of nonmissing values.
b
Fisher’s exact test or Wilcoxon 2-sample test.