Table 3.
General characteristics of the 63 UK dietary assessment tools and their validation studies.
| Dietary assessment tool validation studies | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (year) | Administration method / length of questionnaire | Nutrient database | First author and year | Food & nutrients (number of nutrients validated) | Life stage, age (mean /range) and sample size (M/F) | Reference method | Time span | Statistical method used | |
| DAT | Reference method | ||||||||
| Weighed Food Diary | |||||||||
| Bingham et al. (1994) | Self | MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1997) | Urinary nitrogen Micronutrients (2) |
Adults
(50–65 yr) 156 (0/56) |
Biomarkers | 16d | 8d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Davies et al. (1994) | By-Proxy | MCW4 | Davies et al. (1994) | Energy | Children & Infants (1.5 –
4.5 yr) 81 (42/39) |
DLW | 4d consecutive | 10d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient; Limits of Agreement |
| Livingstone et al. (1992) | Self; By-Proxy | MCW4 Inc. supplementary food composition data | Livingstone (1992) | Energy | Children & Adolescents
(7–18 yr) 58 (29/29) |
DLW | 7d consecutive | 10 – 14d | Mean Difference(%); Limits of Agreement |
| Estimated Food Diary | |||||||||
| Bingham et al. (1994) | Self | MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1994) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (6) | Adults
(50–65 yr) 81 (0/81) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1997) | Urinary nitrogen Micronutrients (3) |
Adults
(50–65 yr) 80 (0/80) |
Biomarkers | 7d | 8d over 12 months | Correlation Coefficient (P) | |||
| Johansson (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (6); Food Groups | Elderly
(65–88 yr) 80 (80/0) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means | |||
| Carter et al. (2013) (mymealmate) | **Self | The Weight Loss Resources | Carter et al. (2013) | Energy; Macronutrients (3) | Adults (mean 35yr) 50 (14/36) |
24-Hour Recall | 7d consecutive | 2d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P); Limits of Agreement |
| McKeown et al. (2001) | Self | DINER | McKeown et al. (2001) | Urinary nitrogen Micronutrients (3) |
Adults & Elderly (45–74 yr)
146 (58/88) |
Biomarkers | 7d | 3d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Cross Classification |
| Day | Micronutrient (2) | Adults
(45–74yr) 123 |
Biomarkers | 7d | 6d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient | |||
| Lanigan et al. (2001) | By-Proxy | COMP-EAT v.5 | Lanigan et al. (2001) | Energy; Macronutrient (3) | Infants (6–24
months) DLW = 21 Weighed Food Diary =72 |
DLW & Weighed Food Diary | 5d | 7d (DLW) & 5d (Food Diary) | Mean Difference (%); Limits of Agreement |
| Timon et al. (2015) (NANA method) | **Self | WinDiets | Timon et al. (2015) | Energy, Macronutrients (5); Micronutrients
(10); Food Group |
Elderly
(65–89 yr) 94 (34/60) |
Estimated Food Diary & Biomarkers | 4d | 4d (Food Diary) & 1d (Biomarkers) | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Limits of Agreement |
| Semi-Weighed Food Diary | |||||||||
| Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | Self; By-Proxy; Interview | MCW5 | Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (6); Food Group | Children, Adolescents, Adults, Elderly
(2-90 yr) 44, 30, 111, 34 Low SES |
Weighed Food Diary | 4d | 4d | Mean Difference. |
| 24-hour recall | |||||||||
| *Bingham et al. (1994) | Self | MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1994) (Structured & Unstructured) | Energy, Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (6) | Adults
(50–65 yr) 160 (0/160) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1997) (Structured & Unstructured) | Urinary nitrogen Micronutrients (3) |
Adults
(50–65 yr) 156 (0/156) |
Biomarkers | 1d | 8d over 12 months | Correlation Coefficient (P & S) | |||
| Johansson (2008) (Unstructured) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (6); Food Groups | Elderly
(65–88 yr) 80 (80/0) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means | |||
| Carter et al. (2015) (myfood24) | **Self; Interview | MCW7 | Albar et al. (2016) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adolescents 75 (47/38) |
Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Recall | 2d (non-consecutive) | 2d (non-consecutive) | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (ICC); Class Classification Limits of Agreement; Weighted Cohen’s kappa |
| *Comrie, Masson, and McNeill (2009) (FoRC) | **Self | MCW6 | Comrie, Masson, and McNeill (2009) | Energy; Macronutrients (2); Food Groups |
Adults
(18–49 yr) 53 (12/41) |
Estimated Food Diary | 4d | 4d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Limits of Agreement |
| Edmunds et al. (2002) (DILQ) | Self | Not Reported | Edmunds et al. (2002) | Food Groups | Children
(7–9 yr) 204 |
Direct Observation | 1d | 1d | Individual Means (count); Cross Classification (% matched); Cohen’s kappa |
| *Foster et al. (2014) [(INTAKE24) | **Self | MCW | Bradley et al. (2016) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (3); Food Groups | Adolescents & Adults
(11–24 yr) 168 (74/94) |
24-Hour Recall | 4d (Results reported data on participants completing any number of days) | 4d (Results reported data on participants completing any number of days) | Mean ratios; Limits of Agreement |
| Hillier et al. (2012) (SNAPA) | **Self | MCW6 | Hillier et al. (2012) | Food Groups | Adults (mean 34) 44 (16/28) |
Direct Observation | 5d | 4d | Mean Difference; Cross Classification |
| *Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | By-Proxy; Interview | MCW5 | Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (6); Food Group | Children, Adolescents, Adults,
Elderly (2–90 yr) 76, 48, 206, 54 Low SES |
Weighed Food Diary | 4d | 4d | Mean Difference. |
| *Johnson, Driscoll, and Goran (1996) | Interview | Food Intake Analysis | Reilly et al. (2001) | Energy | Children
(3–4 yr) 41 (23/18) |
DLW | 3d | 7d | Mean Difference; Limits of Agreement |
| Montgomery et al. (2005) | Energy | Children
(4.5–7 yr) 63 (32/31) |
DLW | 3d (Inc. 1 weekend d) | 2d | Mean Difference (bias); Limits of Agreement | |||
| Little et al. (1999) | Interview | Not Reported | Little et al. (1999) | Macronutrients (1); Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Median Difference (%) Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Liu et al. (2011) (Oxford WebQ) | **Self | MCW5 | Liu et al. (2011) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients (10); Food Group | Adults
(19–82 yr) 116 (32/84) |
Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Recall | 1d | 1d | Mean Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Moore et al. (2008) (SNAP) | **Self | Not Reported | Moore et al. (2008) | Food Groups | Children & Adolescents
(7–15 yr) 121 (49/72) |
Multiple Pass 24-Hour Recall | 1d | 1d | Individual Means (Count); Cross Classification |
| Moore et al. (2007) (Dietary Recall Questionnaire) | **Self | Not Reported | Moore et al. (2007) | Food Groups | Children
(9–11 yr) 374 (157/ 215) Low SES |
Multiple Pass 24-Hour Recall | 1d & an extra morning | 1d & an extra morning | Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Cohen’s kappa |
| 48-Hour Recall | |||||||||
| McNaughton et al. (2005) | Interview | MCW | McNaughton et al. (2005) | Energy, Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (9) Food Group | Adults (43 yr) 2265 (1116/ 1149) |
Estimated Food Diary | 2d | 5d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Food Frequency Questionnaire | |||||||||
| Ashfield-Watt et al. (2007) (FACET) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
N/A | Ashfield-Watt et al. (2007) | Food Groups | Adults (age not
reported) 269 Low SES |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 1d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient; Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1994) (Cambridge FFQ) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1994) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients
(6) Food Groups |
Adults
(50–65 yr) 160 (0/160) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1994) (Oxford FFQ) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1994) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (6) |
Adults
(50–65 yr) 160 (0/160) |
Weighed food diary | 1d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1997) | Micronutrients (3) | Adults (50–65 yr)
160 (0/160) |
Biomarkers | 1d | 8d over 12 months | Correlation Coefficient (P & S) | |||
| Johansson (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (6); Food Groups | Elderly
(65–88 yr) 80 (80/0) |
Weighed food diary | 1d | 4 x 4d over 12 months | Individual Means | |||
| Samaras et al. (1998) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); | Adults (mean 58 yr) 162 (0/162) |
Estimated food diary | 1d | 7d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient | |||
| Verkasalo et al. (2001) | Food Groups | Adults
(20–39 yr) 80 (0/80) |
Biomarkers | 1d | 1d | Correlation Coefficient (S) | |||
| Little et al. (1999) | Macronutrients (1); Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Median Difference (%) Correlation Coefficient (S); | |||
| Broadfield et al. (2003) (DIETQ) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
DIETQ | Broadfield et al. (2003) | Macronutrients (5) Food groups |
Adults (mean 42 yr) 31 (15/16) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P + S); Limits of Agreement |
| Brunner et al. (2001) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW4 & MCW5 | Brunner et al. (2001) | Energy Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients (8) Food Group |
Adults (39–61yr) 860 (457/403) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Cleghorn et al. (2016) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
DANTE | Cleghorn et al. (2016) | Macronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults FFQ-705 (314/ 391); 24 hr Recall - 47 (25/22) |
FFQ & 24hr Recall | 1d | 1d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cohen’s kappa |
| Dunn et al. (2011) [30] | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
Not reported | Dunn et al. (2011) | Macronutrients (2) Food Groups |
Adults
(18–50 yr) 66 (17/49) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 7d | Mean Difference; Cross Classification; Limits of Agreement |
| Forster et al. (2014) (Food4Me) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) | Forster et al. (2014) | Energy; Macronutrient (7); Micronutrients (14); Food Groups | Adults (30 yr) 113 (46/67) |
FFQ | 1d | 1d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Class Classification; Limits of Agreement |
| Fallaize et al. (2014) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (13); Food Groups | Adults (mean 27 yr) 49 (15/34) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Class Classification; Limits of Agreement | |||
| Hartwell and Henry (2001) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
DIET5 | Hartwell and Henry (2001) | Energy; Macronutrients (8); Micronutrients (4) Food Group | Adults (mean
45–75 yr) 25 (16/9) |
Estimated Food Diary | 2d | 8d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P); |
| Heath et al. (2005) (MBIAT) | Interview ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW4 & MCW5 | Heath et al. (2005) | Micronutrients (4) Food Groups | Adults
(46–75 yr) 48 (48/0) |
Weighed Food Diary | 3d | 12d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Heller, Pedoe, and Rose (1981) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
Not Reported | Heller, Pedoe, and Rose (1981) | Macronutrients (1) | Adults
(40–59 yr) 68 (68/0) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 3d | Correlation Coefficient |
| Hooper et al. (2010) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW6 | Hooper et al. (2010) | Energy; Macronutrients (3); Food Groups | Adults (mean
29–55 yr) 263 |
24-hour recall | 1d | 1d | Correlation Coefficient (P) |
| Kassam-Khamis et al. (1999) | Interview >51–99 food items / questions |
COMP-EAT4; data on traditional South Asian foods & MCW5 | Kassam-Khamis et al. (1999) | Energy; Macronutrients (4) | Adults
(25–50 yr) 11 (0/11) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Median Paired Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification |
| Sevak et al. (2004) | Energy; Macronutrients (8); Micronutrients (7) | Adults
(34–75 yr) 11 (0/11) |
24-Hour Recall | 1d | 12 x 1d over 12 months | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Cross Classification; Cohen’s kappa | |||
| Lanham (1993) | Self >51–99 food items / questions |
MCW | Bodner et al. (1998) | Micronutrients (4) | Adults (39-45 yr) 273 (118/ 155) |
Biomarkers | 1d | 1d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification |
| Dong (2003) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
Not Reported | Lean et al. (2003) | Food Groups | Adults
(25–64 yr) 1085 (522/ 563) |
FFQ | 1d | 1d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient |
| Little et al. (1999) (HEA1) | Self; Interview >51–99 food items / questions |
Royal Society of Cambridge Database | Little et al. (1999) | Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly (18-80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Little et al. (1999) (HEA2) | Self; Interview >51–99 food items / questions |
Royal Society of Cambridge Database | Little et al. (1999) | Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Little et al. (1999) (HEA3) | Self; Interview >51–99 food items / questions |
Royal Society of Cambridge Database | Little et al. (1999) | Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Little et al. (1999) (Nurse Questions) | Interview >51–99 food items / questions |
Royal Society of Cambridge Database | Little et al. (1999) | Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed food diary | 1d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S) |
| Margetts, Cade, and Osmond (1989) | Self >51–99 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Margetts, Cade, and Osmond (1989) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (4) | Adults
(35–54 yr) 433 |
24-hour recall | 1d | 1d | Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Masson et al. (2003) (Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
UK National Nutrient Databank & MCW | Masson et al. (2003) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients (15) | Adults
(19–58 yr) 81 (41/40) |
Weighed food diary | 1d | 4d | Relative Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Weighed Cohen’s kappa |
| Heald et al. (2006) | Energy; Micronutrients (4) | Adults & Elderly
(51–75 yr) 203 (203/0) |
Biomarkers | 1d | 1d | Individual Medians; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Weighed Cohen’s kappa | |||
| Jia et al. (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients (15) | Elderly (64-80 yr) 83 (42/41) |
Weighed food diary | 1d | 4d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Weighed Cohen’s kappa | |||
| Mohd-Shukri et al. (2013) | Energy; Macronutrients (10); Micronutrients (25) | Pregnant Women
(21–45 yr) 63 (0/63) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4d (Inc. 1 weekend d) | Individual Medians; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Cross Classification; Weighted Cohen’s kappa. | |||
| Hollis et al. (2017) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients (16); Food Group | Adults
(18–65 yr) 96 (40/56) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 7d consecutive | Mean difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Limits of Agreement; Weighted Cohen’s kappa | |||
| McKeown et al. (2001) (EPIC FFQ) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW | McKeown et al. (2001) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (6); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(45–74 yr) 146 (58/88) = Food Diary; 134 (57/77)=Biomarkers |
Weighed Food Diary; Estimated Food Diary & Biomarkers | 1d | 7d (Food Diary); 3 × 1d (Biomarkers) | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Cross Classification |
| Day et al. (2001) | Micronutrients (2) | Adults & Elderly
(45–74 yr) 123 |
Estimated Food Diary & Biomarkers | 1d | 7d (Food Diary); 6d over 12 months (Biomarkers) | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient | |||
| Lietz et al. (2002) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (3) | Adolescents
(11.8–13.2 yr) 50 (32/18) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification; Limits of Agreement | |||
| Mouratidou, Ford, and Fraser (2006) | Self >51–99 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Mouratidou, Ford, and Fraser (2006) | Energy; Macronutrients(11); Micronutrients (24); Food Groups | Pregnant Women
(17–43 yr) 123 (0/123) |
24-Hour Recall | 1d | 2d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification; Limits of Agreement |
| Nelson et al. (1988) | Interview ≤50 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Nelson et al. (1988) | Micronutrients | Elderly
(65–90 yr) 30 (0/30) = Food Diary; 28 (13/15) =Duplicate Diet |
Weighed Food Diary & Duplicate Diet | 2d (vs Food Diary); 1d (vs Duplicate Diet) | 7d (Food Diary); 5d (Duplicate Diet) | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient; Cross Classification |
| O'Donnell et al. (1991) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
DIET | O'Donnell et al. (1991) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (14); | Adults
(19–65 yr) 52 (24/28) |
Weighed Food Diary & Biomarkers | 1d | 4 × 4d at 1 month intervals (Food Diary); 4d (Biomarkers) | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P); Class Classification |
| Papadaki and Scott (2007) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
Not Reported | Papadaki and Scott (2007) | Food Groups | Adults (25–55 yr)
51 (0/51) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification; Limits of Agreement; Weighted Cohen’s kappa |
| Pufulete et al. (2002) | Self >51–99 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Pufulete et al. (2002) | Micronutrients (1) | Adults
(22–65 yr) 36 (16/20) |
Weighed Food Diary & Biomarkers | 2d | 7d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient; Cross Classification |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | By-Proxy ≤50 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Robinson et al. 2007 | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (18) | Infants (6 months) 50 (25/25) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4d | Mean Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S); Limits of Agreement; |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | By-Proxy ≤50 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Robinson et al. 2007 | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (18) | Infants (12 months) 50 (27/23) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 4d | Mean Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S); Limits of Agreement; |
| Roddam et al. (2005) | Self ≤50 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Roddam et al. (2005) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients
(12); Food Groups |
Adults
(50–64 yr) 202 (0/202) |
Weighed Food Diary & Estimated Food Diary | 2d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification; Weighted Cohen’s kappa |
| Roe et al. (1994) (DINE) | Interview ≤50 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Roe et al. (1994) | Energy Macronutrients (4) |
Adults
(17–62 yr) 206 (128/78) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 4d | Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification |
| Little et al. (1999) | Macronutrients (1); Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Median Difference (%) Correlation Coefficient (S); | |||
| Sofianou-Katsoulis et al. (2011) | By-Proxy ≤50 food items / questions |
Not Reported | Sofianou-Katsoulis et al. (2011) | Food Groups | Children
(3–7 yr) 33 |
24-Hour Recall | 1d | 7d | Individual Means |
| Venter et al. (2006) | Not reported ≤50 food items / questions |
Not Reported | Venter et al. (2006) | Food Groups | Pregnant Women (20-44 yr) 57 (0/57) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 7d | Cross Classification; Cohen’s kappa |
| Yarnell et al. (1983) | Self >51–99 food items / questions |
MCW4 & MCW5 | Thompson and Margetts (1993) | Energy; Macronutrients (9); Micronutrients
(6) Food Group |
Adults
(40–59 yr) 301 (122/ 179) Smokers only |
Biomarkers | 1d | 10d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Limits of Agreement |
| Bolton-Smith et al. (1991) | Micronutrients (5); | Adults
(41–50 yr) 196 (196/0) |
Biomarkers | 1d | Not Reported | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (P); Cross Classification; | |||
| Food Checklist | |||||||||
| Bingham et al. (1994) | Self ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW4 | Bingham et al. (1994) (pictures & no pictures) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (6) | Adults
(50–65 yr) 160 (0/160) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 4 × 4d | Individual Means; Correlation Coefficient (S); Cross Classification |
| Bingham et al. (1997) [(pictures & no pictures) | Micronutrients (3) | Adults
(50–65 yr) 160 (0/160) |
Biomarkers | 7d | 8d over 12 months | Correlation Coefficient (P & S) | |||
| Little et al. (no pictures) (1999) | Macronutrients (1); Micronutrients (1); Food Groups | Adults & Elderly
(18–80 yr) 111 (53/58) |
Weighed Food Diary | 7d | 7d | Median Difference (%); Correlation Coefficient (S) | |||
| Johansson (2008) (no pictures) | Energy; Macronutrients (6); Micronutrients (6); Food Groups | Elderly
(55–88 yr) 80 (80/0) |
Weighed Food Diary | 4d | 4 × 4d over 12 months | Individual Means | |||
| Cade, Frear, and Greenwood (2006) (CADET) | Self; By-Proxy ≥100 food items / questions |
DANTE | Cade, Frear, and Greenwood (2006) | Energy; Macronutrients (7); Micronutrients (5); Food Groups | Children
(3–7 yr) 180 (100/80) |
Semi-Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 1d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (S); Limits of Agreement |
| Christian et al. (2015) | Energy; Macronutrients (5); Micronutrients (3); Food Groups | Children
(8–11 yr) 67 (33/34) |
Weighed Food Diary | 1d | 1d | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient; Limits of Agreement | |||
| Johnson and Hackett (1997) (FIQ) | **Self | Not reported | Johnson et al. (2001) | Food Groups | Adolescents
(11–13 yr) 93 (41/52) |
Estimated Food Diary | 1d | 3d | Correlation Coefficient (P) |
| Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | Self; By-Proxy; Interview ≥100 food items / questions |
MCW5 | Holmes, Dick, and Nelson (2008) | Energy; Macronutrients (4); Micronutrients (6); Food Group | Children, Adolescents, Adults,
Elderly (2–90 yr) 76, 48, 206, 54 Low SES |
Weighed Food Diary | 4d | 4d | Mean Difference |
| Diet History | |||||||||
| Black, Welch, and Bingham (2000) | Interview | MCW4 | Black, Welch, and Bingham (2000) | Energy; Macronutrients (2) | Adults
(50–65 yr) 64 (0/64) |
Weighed Food Diary; DLW; Biomarkers | 1d | 4 × 4d over 12 months (Food Diary); 8d over 12 months (Biomarkers); 14d (DLW) | Mean Difference; Correlation Coefficient (P); Limits of Agreement |
| Livingstone et al. (1992) | By Proxy; Interview | MCW4 | Livingstone et al. (1992) | Energy | Children & Adolescents
(3–18 yr) 78 (41/37) |
DLW | 1d | 10-14d | Mean Difference (%); Limits of Agreement |
| Jackson, Little, and Wilson (1990) | Interview | MCW4 | Jackson, Little, and Wilson (1990) | Macronutrients (2); Micronutrients (1) | Elderly
(59–74 yr) 80 (39/41) |
FFQ | 1d | 1d | Individual Means or Medians; Correlation Coefficient (P & S); Cross Classification; Weighted Cohen’s kappa |
*Studies that included multiple pass/days recall.
**Tool is web/smartphone based.
MCW = McCance & Widdowson; DLW = Doubly Labeled Water; SES = Socio-economic status.