Table 4.
Summary of validation results by reference method type, tool type and nutrient.
| Validation reference method / nutrient | Tool type | Number of
validation study results# |
Weighted mean
differences* |
Range of
limits of agreement reported |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infants, children and adolescents | Adults and elderly | Infants, children and adolescents | Adults and elderly | Infants, children and adolescents | Adults and elderly | ||
| Energy (kcal) | |||||||
| Doubly labeled water | Food diary | 3 | 0 | −138 | – | −1747 to 1045 | – |
| Dietary Recall | 3 | 0 | 70 | – | −1102 to 879 | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Food diary | Food diary | 5 | 6 | −18 | −46 | −1259 to 1261 | −1223 to 1201 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 9 | 254 | −47 | −836 to 1628 | −1301 to 1706 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 7 | 19 | 247 | 52 | −1497 to 1912 | −2036 to 2129 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | −52 | – | −582 to 483 |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −55 | 3 | −797 to 687 | −1108 to 1113 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 366 | – | −726 to 1480 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 671 | – | −523 to 1865 | |
| Protein (g) | |||||||
| Biomarker* | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | 0.9 | – | −5 to 6.8 |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 1 | 1 | 8.1 | 2.3 | −3.5 to 19.7 | −7 to 12 | |
| Food diary | Food diary | 5 | 6 | 0.2 | −2.2 | −64 to 61 | −75 to 67 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 8 | 8.4 | −0.9 | −40 to 61 | −67 to 79 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 7 | 19 | 10.1 | 6.0 | −66 to 89 | −71 to 68 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | −4.0 | – | −34 to 26 |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −2.0 | −1.0 | −45 to 41 | −47 to 45 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | 11.9 | −39 to 70 | |||
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −21.0 | – | −36 to 78 to 37 | |
| Carbohydrate(g) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 5 | 6 | −5.6 | −10.9 | −185 to 192 | −211 to 172 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 8 | 30.2 | −8.7 | −132 to 229 | −161 to 196 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 7 | 19 | 36.2 | 18.5 | −238 to 305 | −240 to 209 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | −2.0 | – | −98 to 94 |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −11.0 | −5.0 | −152 to 130 | −149 to 139 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 35.1 | – | −112 to 177 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −85.0 | – | −66 to 236 | |
| Total sugars (g) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | 1.0 | – | −45 to 47 |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 2 | – | 0.5 | – | −74 to 86 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 2 | 14 | 38.7 | 12.4 | −129 to 200 | −114 to 122 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −14.0 | −4.0 | −121 to 92 | −92 to 83 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −6.0 | – | −86 to 98 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −26.0 | – | −42 to 94 to 42 | |
| Fat (g) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 5 | 6 | −0.03 | 1.6 | −58 to 64 | −51 to 60 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 9 | 11.8 | −0.5 | −50 to 88 | −71 to 87 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 7 | 20 | 8.6 | −4.3 | −75 to 99 | −99 to 71 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | −3.0 | – | −35 to 29 |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −3.0 | 4.0 | −52 to 46 | −62 to 69 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 19.6 | – | −39 to 80 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −23.0 | – | −32 to 78 to 31 | |
| Dietary fiber (g) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 0 | 2 | – | −0.2 | – | −8 to 7 |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 3 | – | −0.1 | – | −13 to 17 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 3 | 7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | −19 to 23 | −13 to 19 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 1 | −1.0 | 1.0 | −10 to 8 | −12 to 15 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 4.8 | – | −6 to 19 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Retinol (µg) | |||||||
| Biomarkers | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 121 | – | −979 to 1153 | |
| Food diary | Food diary | 0 | 2 | – | 95.1 | – | −2084 to 2226 |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 2 | – | 89.0 | – | −7360 to 7906 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 8 | – | 71.9 | – | −2410 to 2450 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 92.4 | – | 341 to 526 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 60.0 | – | −425 to 545 | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | |||||||
| Biomarkers | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 26.9 | – | −32 to 80 | |
| Food diary | Food diary | 4 | 6 | −2.5 | −5.4 | −147 to 145 | −169 to 155 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 8 | 16.5 | −1.0 | −108 to 154 | −159 to 197 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 5 | 20 | 16.5 | 54.9 | −168 to 216 | −164 to 349 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 1 | – | −7.0 | – | −202 to 188 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −0.7 | – | −97 to 96 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 57.4 | – | −70 to 185 | |
| Calcium (mg) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 4 | 6 | 8.7 | −48.3 | −663 to 630 | −767 to 597 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 8 | 87.0 | −20.6 | −565 to 744 | −822 to 873 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 7 | 21 | 76.7 | 38.0 | −673 to 836 | −1003 to 1142 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 1 | – | −8.8 | – | −686 to 668 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 111 | – | −646 to 769 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −324 | – | −467 to 1115 to 467 | |
| Iron(mg) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 4 | 6 | −0.7 | −0.7 | −9.6 to 7.2 | −10.3 to 8.5 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 8 | 0.7 | −0.1 | −6.6 to 9.4 | −11.9 to 13.3 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 5 | 20 | 1.1 | 0.3 | −7.7 to 8.0 | −14 to 13.4 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 1 | – | 0.4 | – | −9.1 to 9.9 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 2.5 | – | −5.7 to 11.2 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 6.2 | – | −4 to 17 | |
| Folate (µg) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 4 | 5 | −10.7 | −17.2 | −309 to 259 | −497 to 451 |
| Dietary Recall | 4 | 6 | 11.3 | −6.5 | −257 to 263 | −307 to 417 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 5 | 15 | 31.4 | 70.9 | −268 to 300 | −244 to 336 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | -- | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 1 | – | 24.5 | – | −214 to 263 | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 2 | – | 48.4 | – | −106 to 205 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | -- | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | -- | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −125 | – | −106 to 356 | |
| Sodium (mg) | |||||||
| Biomarker | Food diary | 0 | 1 | – | --572 | – | −3103 to 1960 |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −575 | – | −3875 to 2725 | |
| Food diary | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 2 | 6 | 571 | −190 | −2879 to 3715 | −3956 to 2620 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 1 | 0 | −20.0 | – | −2900 to 2900 | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 106 | – | −2048 to 2260 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | −155 | – | −1615 to 1926 | |
| Zinc (mg) | |||||||
| Food diary | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 4 | – | 1.7 | – | −10 to 9 | |
| 24-hour recall | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 1 | – | 1.6 | – | −4 to 7 | |
| FFQ | Food diary | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary Recall | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| FFQ / Food checklist | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
*Nitrogen values, not protein values.
#Results for different age groups and genders within the two main age groups were taken into account separately.
*Weighted mean differences between the intakes = test tool mean intake minus reference method mean intake; these were weighted using the number of individuals taking part in each validation studies to calculated the overall mean difference for each validation and tool type combination.