Table 1.
Global and regional estimates of groundwater depletion (GWD) contribution to sea level rise (SLR)
| GWD (km3 year−1) | SLR (mm year−1) | Year | Notes | Sources | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | Sahagian et al. (1994) | 86.7 | 0.24 | Contemporary | Limited regions (e.g., USA, India, China) |
Literature Country statistics |
| Postel (1999) | 200 | 0.56 | Contemporary | Global |
Literature Country statistics |
|
| Gornitz (2001) | 36–108 | 0.1–0.3 | Contemporary | Limited regions (e.g., USA, India, China) |
Literature Country statistics |
|
| Foster and Loucks (2006) | 26.8 | 0.075 | Contemporary | Limited regions (e.g., Middle East, Northern Africa) |
Literature Country statistics |
|
| Wada et al. (2010) |
126 (±32) 283 (±40) |
0.35 (±0.09) 0.79 (±0.11) |
1960 2000 |
Depletion equals abstraction in excess of recharge |
IGRAC-GGIS PCR-GLOBWB (0.5°) |
|
| Konikow (2011) | 145 (±39) | 0.4 (±0.11) | 2000–2008 | Extrapolated for other than USA, north India, North China Plain, Saudi Arabia, Nubian and Sahara | In situ groundwater level measurements, GRACE satellite observation, calibrated groundwater model, extrapolation (15.4 %; depletion to abstraction ratio of USA) | |
| Wada et al. (2012) |
163 (±28) 204 (±30) |
0.45 (±0.07) 0.57 (±0.08) |
1990–2000 2000 |
Corrected against reported regional depletion estimates |
IGRAC-GGIS PCR-GLOBWB (0.5°) |
|
| Pokhrel et al. (2012) | 455 (±42) | 1.27 (±0.12) | 2000 | Depletion equals water demand in excess of water availability | MATSIRO (1.0°) | |
| Döll et al. (2014) | 113 | 0.31 | 2000–2009 | Application of deficit irrigation | WaterGAP (0.5o), In situ groundwater level measurements, GRACE satellite observation | |
| Van Dijk et al. (2014) | 92 | 0.26 | 2003–2012 | Without data assimilation, original depletion equals 168 km3 year−1 | Data assimilation with GRACE satellite observation | |
| Famiglietti (2014) | 77.4 | 0.22 | 2003–2013 |
Time periods vary among studies considered Limited regions |
Various studies using GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| Pokhrel et al. (2015) | 330 | 0.92 | 2000 | 570 km3 year−1 for the global groundwater abstraction for 2000 | MATSIRO (1.0°) | |
| Wada et al. (2016) |
7.2 (±1.4) 97 (±14) |
0.02 (±0.004) 0.27 (±0.04) |
1900 2000 |
Coupled atmosphere-land–ocean model simulation | NCAR CESM-CAM4-CLM4 (1.0°) | |
|
Regional Northwest Sahara |
Richey et al. (2015) | 2.7 | 0.008 | 2003–2012 | Algeria, Libya, Tunisia | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| Middle East and North Africa (MENA) | Foster and Loucks (2006) | 26.8 | 0.0075 | Contemporary |
Literature Country statistics |
|
| Voss et al. (2013) | 13.0 (±1.6) | 0.036 (±0.005) | 2003–2009 | Cumulative 91.3 (± 10.9) km3 for 2003–2009 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| Arabian | Richey et al. (2015) | 15.5 | 0.04 | 2003–2013 | Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| Guarani | Richey et al. (2015) | 1.0 | 0.003 | 2003–2013 | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| North China Plain (NCP) | Cao et al. (2013) |
4.0 2.5 4.0 2.0 7.0 4.0 |
0.01 0.007 0.01 0.006 0.02 0.01 |
1960–2008 1970s 1980s 1990–1996 1997–2001 2002–2008 |
Cumulatively 158 km3 for 1960–2008 (20% of pumpage of 807 km3) | MODFLOW |
| Feng et al. (2013) | 8.3 (±1.1) | 0.02 (±0.03) | 2003–2010 | 2.5 km3 year−1 for shallow aquifers reported by Groundwater Bulletin of China Northern Plains | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| Huang et al. (2015) |
2.5 (±0.4)-PP 1.5 (±0.2)-ECP |
0.007 (±0.001) 0.004 (±0.0005) |
2003–2012 |
Piedmont Plain (PP) East Central Plain (ECP) |
GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| Indus | Cheema et al. (2014) | 31 | 0.09 | 2007 | 68 km3 of total groundwater abstraction | Remote sensing combined with a hydrological model and spatial information on canal water supplies |
| Northern India | Rodell et al. (2009) | 17.7 (±4.5) | 0.05 (±0.01) | 2002–2008 | Cumulative 109 km3 for 2002–2008 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| Northern India and surrounding regions | Tiwari et al. (2009) | 54 (±9) | 0.15 (±0.03) | 2002–2008 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| Jacob et al. (2012) | 35 | 0.1 | 2003–2010 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | ||
| Bangladesh | Shamsudduha et al. (2012) |
0.44(±1.24)–2.04(± 0.79)- wet seasons 0.52(± 0.5)–2.83(± 0.42)-annual |
0.001(± 0.004)–0.006(± 0.002) 0.002(± 0.001)–0.008(± 0.001) |
2003–2007 | Depletion of 0.52 (± 0.30)–0.85 (± 0.17) km3 year−1 from borehole hydrographs | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| California’s Central Valley | Famiglietti et al. (2011) | 3.1 (± 0.6) | 0.009 (± 0.002) | 2003–2010 | Cumulative 20.3 km3 for 2003–2010 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |
| Scanlon et al. (2012a) |
2.0 6–8 |
0.006 0.017–0.022 |
1962–2003 2006–2010 |
Cumulative 24.6 km3 for 1976–1977, 49.3 km3 for 1987–1992, 140 km3 since the 1860s, and 80 km3 since the 1960s | MODFLOW | |
| Scanlon et al. (2012b) | 8.9 (± 0.9) | 0.025 (± 0.0025) | 2006–2010 | Cumulative 31.0 (± 3.0) km3 for 2006–2010 | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes | |
| High Plains Aquifer | Scanlon et al. (2012a) |
5.7 7.0 12.5 |
0.016 0.02 0.035 |
1950–2007 1987–2007 2003–2013 |
Cumulative 330 km3 after pre-development in the 1950s | MODFLOW |
| Canning Basin | Richey et al. (2015) | 3.6 | 0.01 | 2003–2013 | Australia | GRACE-derived total terrestrial water storage changes |