Table 1.

Summary of reviewed studies.

S. No.	Author/Year	Design	Population	Intervention	Outcome	Results
1	Anderson et al. 2016 [19]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	RCTs (n = 63) CHD inclusive of myocardial infarction (n = 36), CABG (n = 29) and PCI (n = 18)	Duration ranged from 3 months to 3 years (maximum in 6–12-month range)	HRQoL (20)	Heterogenicity in data was seen >50% improvement in the scores was seen in exercise-based rehabilitation
2	Blanchard et al. 2010 [20]	Pre-post-test design	n = 280 MI: (n = 94), PCI: (n = 92) CABG: (n = 48) other: (n = 46)	3-month home-based program	1. Physical activity (Godin leisure time questionnaire) 2. Body composition	Increase in PA was larger in males (r = −0.19), more in metabolic group (r = −0.16)
3	Deskur-smielecka et al. 2011 [21]	Controlled prospective cohort	n = 74 post-PCI CR and ambulation: (n = 14) CR: (n = 30) control: (n = 20)	1-year follow-up, 3-week in-patient, after 6 weeks the CR and ambulation were on a 3–4 times/week ambulatory program	Body composition	Body composition and BP increased in controls significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) the BP in CR group compared to CR and ambulation also increased (p < 0.05)
4	Dos santos et al. 2019 [22]	RCT	Total: (n = 24) moderate to high intensity inspiratory muscle training (n = 12), resistance/combined training (n = 12)	2 sessions/week for 12 weeks	1. Exercise capacity 2. Respiratory muscle strength 3. Inspiratory muscle endurance 4. QoL	There was an overall increase in the oxygen uptake, 6MWT, maximal inspiratory pressure, and QoL
5	De Melo ghisi et al. 2014 [23]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	n = 42 studies (26 studies analysed PA as primary outcome)	Patient education and PA levels	Physical activity levels and adherence to exercise after patient education in cardiac patients	Patient education was elementary in improving levels of PA, dietary habits, and smoking cessation
6	Firouzabadi et al. 2014 [24]	RCT	n = 70 post-CABG control: (n = 35) intervention: (n = 35)	24–32 sessions, 3 times/week, aerobic exercise on treadmill or cycle ergometer for intervention group	QoL (SF-36 QoL questionnaire)	After 4 months there was a significant difference between the scores of both groups (p < 0.001)
7	Ghashghaei et al. 2012 [25]	RCT	n = 32 post-CABG control: (n = 15) Rehab: (n = 17)	Control-15–20 mins walking 2-3 times/week Rehab-60 mins aerobic training 60–85% HR max, 3 times/week	1. Functional capacity (6MWT) 2. Ejection fraction 3. Blood pressure, heart rate, rate pressure product	A significant change in the outcomes (p < 0.001)
8	Hodkinson et al. 2019 [26]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	n = 36 studies (accelerometers n = 20 and pedometers n = 16)	Face to face consultation and accelerometer/pedometer intervention	PA measured short term and medium term using accelerometers and pedometers (8-month follow-up)	Small to medium improvements were observed in PA from complex accelerometers and pedometers interventions
9	Jelinek et al. 2013 [27]	Pre-post-test design	n = 38 patients PCI (n = 22), CABG (n = 16)	3 times/week for 6 weeks at 55–70% VO2 peak Borg scale 11–13 consists of aerobic training and strength training	1. Functional capacity (6MWT) 2. Exercise capacity (VO2peak) 3. Heart rate variability	In both there was an increase in the VO2peak and 6MWD (p < 0.001) for HRV changes were seen in CABG (p=0.0072) but not in the PCI group
10	Kim et al. 2012 [28]	Pre-post design	Power walking (PW) group (n = 16) and usual walking group (n = 18)	The 2 groups have aerobic exercise training on treadmill for 50 minutes/session, 3 times/week for 6 weeks at 60–80% of Hr max. For PW group with upper limb activities. The UW group did the same while holding handle and no upper limb activities	Exercise capacity hemodynamic parameters lipid profile	After the 6-week training, PW group showed better effect than the UW group on the exercise capacity and hemodynamic parameters
11	Maddison et al. 2015 [29]	RCT	n = 171 mobile rehab: (n = 85) usual: (n = 86)	Mobile rehab-30 mins for 5 days/week, automated texts and exercise videos usual-exercise in settings 3 days/week	VO2peak physical activity (IPAQ) HRQoL	No difference in VO2max between groups (p=0.65) but PA (p=0.05) and SF 36 general domain (p=0.03) showed significant difference for mobile group
12	Maddison et al. 2019 [30]	Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial	n = 162 REMOTE-CR: (n = 82) control: (n = 80)	REMOTE-CR: Bespoke telerehabilitation: 30–60 mins > 5 days/week at 40–65% HRR	VO2max lipid profile Anthropometry physical activity HRQOL exercise related motivation Blood pressure	REMOTE-CR is cost effective alternative to centre-based CR. PA {(sedentary: week 24: −61.5 (117.8 to −5.3)}, HRQoL {−0.94(−4.96 to 3.08)}
13	Moholdt et al. 2009 [31]	RCT	After CABG aerobic interval training (AIT): (n = 33) moderate continuous training (MCT) (n = 36)	5 days/week for 4 weeks AIT-Aerobic exercise 4 mins of 4 intervals at 90% HR max MCT-70% HR max for 46 mins. After 4 weeks, home-based for both	1. VO2 peak (exercise capacity) 2. MacNew questionnaire for quality of life	At 4 weeks in VO2max AIT and MCT were effective (p < 0.001 for both) at 6 months AIT better than MCT (p < 0.001)
14	Oerkild et al. 2010 [32]	RCT	n = 75 CHD (MI, CABG, PCI) home-based (HB): (n = 36) centre-based (CB): (n = 39)	HB-30 mins/day, 6 days/week, Borg scale 11–13 CB-60 mins twice a week after 3 months both home-based. Follow-up-3,6 and 12 months	1. 6MWT 2. VO2max 3. Body composition	Both group interventions were found to be equally effective in improving the outcomes (p > 0.05)
15	Peterson et al. 2012 [33]	RCT	After PCI-2 groups physical education (PE): (n = 118) physical affirmation (PA): (n = 124)	12 months duration. PA-physical activity promotion by self-affirmation and positive affect induction. PE-PA education and goal book	Paffenbarger physical activity and exercise Index	PA group 1.7 times more effective to reach goal than PE (p=0.007)
16	Reid et al. 2012 [34]	RCT	Total- (n = 141) Motivational counselling (MC): (n = 69) usual care (UC): (n = 72)	12 months more than 30 mins PA moderate to vigorous ≥5 days/week MC-9 motivational sessions by therapist, telephonic follow-up	7-day physical recall questionnaire	It was seen that PA increased more over MC than UC group (p < 0.005)
17	Scalvini et al. 2013 [35]	Quasi experimental study	2 groups: Hospital based (n = 100) home-based rehabilitation (n = 100)	4-week home-based tele-monitoring of vital, exercise program, hospital-supervised exercises. 100 min/day for both	1. Echocardiogram 2. Functional capacity (6MWT)	Equally significant results for the outcomes (p < 0.001) both equally effective
18	Thomas et al. 2019 [36]	Scientific statement from AACVPR/AHA/ACC	n = 23 studies (RCT) included with home-based CR	The studies included exercise and physical activity based studies. Behavioural strategies were used	HRQoL exercise capacity physical activity	They concluded that HBCR can help in the delivery of CR services to maximum population
19	Yang et al. 2017 [37]	Systematic review and meta-analysis	6 RCTs n = 682 participants	3–6 months, total 30–60 mins/day frequency 2-4 times/day	1. Maximum exercise time 2. Exercise tolerance 3. Angina 4. ST segment decline	It was found that there was a significant improvement in all outcomes (p < 0.01)
20	Yates et al. 2017	Descriptive comparative design with secondary analysis of two studies	Two groups: (CABG and HF) n = 62	PA examined objectively (ActiHeart accelerometer) and subjectively (PA interview)	Percentage of patients meeting the PA guidelines of ≥150 minutes per week	33% of the CABG patients met the criteria of ≥150 minutes/week of PA No patients with HF were able to fulfil the criteria
21	Yu et al. 2004 [38]	RCT	n = 269 acute MI: (n = 193), PCI: (n = 76)	Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive programs (CRPP)-8-week exercise and educational knowledge with aerobic exercise at 65–85% of HRR. Conventional therapy-no exercise, only educational talk about importance of physical activity	QoL- 1. SF-36 QoL questionnaire 2. Symptom questionnaire 3. Time trade-off questionnaire	SF-36: 6 of 8 sections improved till phase 2 significant changes seen in physical role and functioning

MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; HF, heart failure; CHD, coronary heart disease; HRQoL, heath related quality of life; QoL, quality of life, 6MWT, 6 minute walk test; 6MWD, 6 minute walk distance; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; HRV, heart rate variability; HRR, heart rate reserve; BP, blood pressure; PA, physical activity; SF36, Short Form 36; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; RCT, randomised controlled trial; AACVPR, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; AHA, American Heart Association; ACC, American College of Cardiology.