Table 2.

Characteristics of included non-RCTs.

Study	Research design	Participants	Intervention	Outcome measures
Aach et al., [53]	Single case experimental A-B (pre-post) design	n = 8 ASIA A Level of injury: T8 to L2	HAL 5 times per week, 90 days, mean number of sessions of 51.75 ± 5.6	6MWT, 10MWT TUG WISCI II LEMS Muscle volume
Del-Ama et al., [43]	Pilot study	n = 3 ASIA A and D Level of injury: L1, L4, L5	Kinesis system The first week intervention, the second week no intervention	VAS AS 10MWT 6MWT Penn MMT
Ekelem and Goldfarb, [39]	Case report	n = 2 ASIA B Level of injury: T4, T11	Indego exoskeleton practice < 4 hr per day	MAS
Esquenazi et al., [40]	Prospective, single-intervention	n = 12 ASIA B Level of injury: T3-T12	ReWalk Up to 24 sessions of 60 to 90 min duration over approximately 8 weeks (target was three times per week)	Pain, fatigue (VAS) AS HR, BP Skin integrity
Ikumi et al., [51]	Case report	n = 1 ASIA A Level of injury: C4	HAL 60 min, 2 times per week for 5 weeks in addition to standard physical and occupational therapy	MAS Walking time and distance
Lemaire et al., [48]	Case report	n = 2 ASIA B Level of injury: T6, T12	ARKE 2.0 LEPE 12 half-hour training sessions, four or more weeks	Ten-point scale: pain, fatigue Number of steps Distance travelled Standing duration Walking duration Number of partial steps
Manella et al., [41]	Case report	n = 1 ASIA A Level of injury: T7	Lokomat 40 mins, 3 times per week, 12 weeks	AS Pendulum test of quadriceps spasticity Spasm frequency and severity ASIA sensory scores LEMS FIM
Mazzoleni et al., [49]	Single group	n = 7 ASIA A Level of injury: T4-T12	20 sessions, 3 sessions/week, FES-cycling system (Pegaso) followed by 20 sessions, 3 sessions/wk, overground robotic exoskeleton (Ekso GT)	MAS PSFS SCIM Spasticity and pain through a 0-10 points NRS ISCI 6MWT, 10MWT TUG
Stampacchia et al., [50]	Single group	n = 21 ASIA A, B, D Level of injury: C7, L1-L2, dorsal	Ekso GT 40 min	Pain and spasticity (0-10 points scale) MAS PSFS PGIC
Watanabe et al., [52]	Case report	n = 2 ASIA C, D Level of injury: T8-T10, T12-L1	HAL 3-4 times per week, for a total of 8 sessions, in addition to conventional physical therapy, 20-30 min/session	MAS LEMS WISCI II FIM CGS Stride, cadence Right and left leg swing time Hip and knee joint angle BI, mRS and adverse effects
Wirz et al., [42]	Single group	n = 20 AISA = C or D Level of injury: L1 or higher	Lokomat (DGO) 8 weeks, 3 to 5 sessions each week, 45 min	Primary: WISCI II, 10MWT, 6MWT, TUG Secondary: at 1 center, n = 10 LEMS, AS, SCATS

AS: Ashworth scale; MAS: modified Ashworth scale; 10MWT: 10-meter walking test; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; WISCI: Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury; FIM: Functional Independence Measure; LEMS: lower extremity motor score; HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; SCIM: Spinal Cord Independence Measure; Penn: Modified Penn Spasm Frequency Scale; TUG: timed up and go test; SCATS: Spinal Cord Assessment Tools for Spasticity; PSFS: Penn Spasm Frequency Scale; ISCI: International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Data Set; PGIC: patient's global impression of change; CGS: comfortable gait speed; BI: Barthel index; mRS: modified Rankin Scale.