Table 1.
Source of hand contamination and spa types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hands
| Site | No. workers (sample 2) | Nasal carriage status |
Hand positive (n [%]) | Source of hand contamination∗ |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonnasally colonized workers† |
Nasally colonized‡ |
||||||||
| P | T | N | Persistent carriers | Transient carriers | Others | (endogenous spread) | |||
| A | 26 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 6 (23.1) | t026 (2) | t127, t2932 | t3992 | t571 (T) |
| B | 18 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 1 (5.5) | t085 | |||
| C§ | 54 | 10 | 6 | 38 | 6 (11.1) | t021, t127, t164, t189, t338 | t437 | ||
| D | 28 | 6 | 3 | 19 | 5 (17.8) | t189 (2) | t032, t2546 | t189 (P) | |
| E | 125 | 22 | 11 | 92 | 9 (7.2) | t084 (2), t189 (3), t616 | t091, t5864 | t213 | |
| F | 66 | 11 | 3 | 52 | 9 (13.6) | t282, t338, t437 (2), t7738 | t012, t3092 | t668 | t437 (P) |
| G | 43 | 4 | 2 | 37 | 5 (11.6) | t084 (2), t189 | t616 | t2919 | |
| H | 24 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 1 (4.2) | t189 | |||
| I | 58 | 6 | 3 | 49 | 3 (5.2) | t050, t189 | t084 | ||
| J | 45 | 6 | 7 | 32 | 5 (11.1) | t189 | t571 | t035, t183 | t189 (P) |
| K | 23 | 5 | 2 | 16 | 3 (13.0) | t437 | t082, t701 | ||
| L,M,N|| | 30 | 7 | 0 | 23 | 0 | ||||
| Overall hand carriage (n = 53) | 29 (54.7%) | 10 (18.9%) | 10 (18.9%) | 4 (7.5%) | |||||
| Diversity index | 0.862 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.834 | |||||
N, not a carrier; P, persistent carrier; T, transient carrier.
∗
Putative source of hand contamination was defined by spa typing of hand isolates. Source attributed to presence of a spa type of a hand isolate that was identical to that of a nasal isolate from a persistently or transiently colonized coworker in the same workplace.
†
Spa type (number of isolates belonging to a given type, shown only if >1).
‡
Spa type and nasal colonization status of hand-contaminated subject.
§
Site C: Second sample after handwashing training. Eight subjects had left their employment at this time, reducing the total number to 54.
||
Three sites where no hand carriage was observed.