Table 1. Demographic and clinical features of the subjects included in the study.
| Study subjects (n=60) | Severe AN n=35 (58%) | Non-severe AN n=25 (42%) | t or χ2 (df) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age in years, mean ± SD (range) | 22.82±6.99 (14-46) | 21.32±7.16 (15-45) | -0.816(58) | ns |
| Female-to-male ratio, n (%) | 31 (88.6)/4 (11.4) | 24 (96.0)/1(4.0) | 1.054(1) | ns |
| Education level | ||||
| Primary | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5.362(3) | ns |
| Secondary | 16 (45.7) | 19 (72.0) | ||
| Higher | 16 (45.7) | 5 (20.0) | ||
| College or university | 2 (5.7) | 2 (8.0) | ||
| Clinical features | ||||
| BMI | 14.07±1.44 | 17.12±0.91 | 9.334(58) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of untreated illness, years (mean ± SD) | 5.68±4.17 | 4.08±6.05 | -1.161(58) | ns |
| Age at onset, years (mean ± SD) | 17.2±6.22 | 17.24±4.78 | -0.027(58) | ns |
| Current MDE | 35 (100.0) | 25 (100.0) | ns | |
| Current mixed features (DSM-5 defined) | 16 (45.7) | 4 (16.0) | 5.794(1) | 0.016 |
| Purging type | 9 (25.7) | 6 (24.0) | 0.023(1) | ns |
| Lifetime MDD | 32 (91.4) | 24 (96.0) | 0.490(1) | ns |
| Lifetime BD-II | 2 (5.7) | 1 (4.0) | 0.090(1) | ns |
| Lifetime BD-I | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.726(1) | ns |
| Lifetime OCD | 5 (14.3) | 2 (8.0) | 0.559(1) | ns |
| Lifetime anxiety disorders other than OCD | 10 (28.6) | 5 (20.0) | 0.571(1) | ns |
| Lifetime BN | 7 (20.0) | 5 (20.0) | 0.000(1) | ns |
| Lifetime BED | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2.256(1) | ns |
| Lifetime suicidal behavior | 6 (17.1) | 3 (12.0) | 0.303(1) | ns |
| Lifetime hospitalization | 17 (48.6) | 3 (12.0) | 8.777(1) | 0.003 |
| Currently on pharmacotherapy (any type) | 31 (88.6) | 12 (48.0) | 11.822(1) | 0.001 |
| Currently on antidepressant | 16 (45.7) | 9 (36.0) | 0.566(1) | ns |
| Currently on benzodiazepines | 21 (60.0) | 6 (24.0) | 7.636(1) | 0.006 |
| Currently on second-generation antipsychotic | 14 (40.0) | 1 (4.0) | 10.08(1) | 0.001 |
| Currently on lithium | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1.42(1) | ns |
| Currently on other mood stabilizer | 1 (2.9) | 4 (16.0) | 3.29 | ns |
| Family history of eating disorders | 3 (8.6) | 1 (4.0) | 0.49(1) | ns |
| Family history of affective disorders | 10 (28.6) | 8 (32.0) | 0.082(1) | ns |
| Family history of anxiety disorders other than OCD | 11 (31.4) | 6 (24.0) | 0.396(1) | ns |
| Family history of suicidal behavior | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ns | |
| Family history of OCD | 3 (8.6) | 1 (4.0) | 0.490(1) | ns |
| Inpatient status | 27 (77.1) | 6 (24.0) | 16.641(1) | < 0.001 |
| Number of previous hospitalizations (mean ± SD) | 0.74±1 | 0.2±0.5 | -2.416(58) | 0.019 |
| AQ-test total score (mean ± SD) | 24.25±5.29 | 20.04±4.46 | -3.241(58) | 0.002 |
| Attention switching | 7.11±1.07 | 5.32±1.51 | -5.35(58) | < 0.001 |
| Attention to detail | 3.48±1.24 | 3.40±1.19 | -0.268(58) | ns |
| Communication | 3.94±1.58 | 3±1.08 | -2.570(58) | 0.013 |
| Imagination | 3.08±1.19 | 3.94±1.58 | -2.570(58) | ns |
| Social skills | 6.62±1.68 | 5.88±1.3 | -1.861(58) | ns |
| ADHD | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.478(1) | ns |
| HCL-32-R2 total score* (mean ± SD) | 7.78±5.05 | 4.34±3.94 | -2.714(58) | 0.009 |
| Rating scales | ||||
| HAM-D-17, total score (mean ± SD) | 17.74±5.19 | 13.4±3.35 | -3.663(58) | 0.001 |
| YMRS, total score (mean ± SD) | 7.51±4.04 | 3.4±2.56 | -4.476(58) | < 0.001 |
| YMRS, item 2 (increased motor activity-energy) recoded as yes/no | 23 (65.7) | 5 (20.0) | 12.245(1) | < 0.001 |
| YMRS, item 5 (irritability) recoded as yes/no | 29 (89.2) | 11 (44.0) | 9.909(1) | 0.002 |
| YMRS, item 7 (language-thought disorder) recoded as yes/no | 8 (22.9) | 5 (20.0) | 0.070(1) | ns |
| YMRS, item 9 (disruptive-aggressive behavior) recoded as yes/no | 8 (22.9) | 3 (12.0) | 1.148(1) | ns |
| HAM-A total score (mean ± SD) | 13.34±4.23 | 10.88±3.19 | -2.45(58) | 0.017 |
| BABS total score (mean ± SD) | 8.51±4.69 | 8.12±5.55 | -0.297(58) | ns |
| YBC-EDS (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Total, current | 33.85±5.32 | 29.64±5.16 | -3.096(58) | 0.003 |
| Total, worst | 34.62±5 | 30.76±4.42 | -3.06(58) | 0.003 |
| Total, current rituals | 11.05±1.89 | 9.44±1.70 | -3.394(58) | 0.001 |
| Total, worst rituals | 11.25±1.8 | 9.84±1.65 | -3.106(58) | 0.003 |
| Total, current preoccupations | 11.68±1.77 | 9.8±1.89 | -3.94(58) | < 0.001 |
| Total, worst preoccupations | 11.88±1.71 | 10.12±2.04 | -3.63(58) | 0.001 |
| EDE-Q (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Restraint subscale | 22.4±3.79 | 19.52±5.5 | 2.401(58) | 0.020 |
| Eating concern subscale | 16.65±4.57 | 14.48±3.88 | -1.932(58) | ns |
| Shape concern subscale | 28.28±5.67 | 27.56±8.23 | -0.373(58) | ns |
| Weight concern subscale | 15.77±4.62 | 16.28±5.67 | 0.382(58) | ns |
| Global | 78.14±14.28 | 75.44±19.43 | -2.405(58) | 0.019 |
Data presented as n (%), unless otherwise specified.
ADHD = attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; AN = anorexia nervosa; AQ-test = Autism-Spectrum Quotient test; BABS = Brown Assessment and Beliefs Scale; BD = bipolar disorder; BED = binge eating disorder; BMI = body mass index; BN = bulimia nervosa; df = degrees of freedom; EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D-17 = Hamilton Scale for Depression, 17-item; HCL-32-R2 = Hypomania Checklist, 32-item, second revision, 34-item version; MDD = major depressive disorder; MDE = major depressive episode; ns = nonsignificant; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder; SD = standard deviation; YBC-EDS = Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorders Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
*
56/60 MDD patients.