Table 2.
Virus-like particles as vaccine vectors in the veterinary field.
| Family/virus | Content | Target | Development phase | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caliciviridae | ||||
| RHDV | OVA | Virus and tumor | + Animal | 136, 137, 160 |
| RHDV | 3A | FMDV | Animal | 138 |
| RHDV | HPV L1 | Gene transfer | In vitro | 139 |
| Hepadnaviridae | ||||
| HBV | VP1 on HBcAg | FMDV | Animal | 122, 123, 124 |
| HBV | LCMV on HBcAg | LCMV | + Animal | 125, 128 |
| HBV | 5 mimotopes of VP2 | IBDV | + Animal | 129 |
| Paramyxoviridae | ||||
| NDV | NP, M, F, HN | Nipah virus G, FLU, respiratory syncytial virus | Animal | 71, 118 |
| Parvoviridae | ||||
| PPV | NP | LCMV | + Animal | 133 |
| PPV | ORF2 | PCV2 | Animal | 134 |
| Polyomaviridae | ||||
| Hamster PyV | LCMV | Virus and tumor | + Animal | 131 |
| Murine PyV | PSA | Tumor | + Animal | 132 |
| Reoviridae | ||||
| Rotavirus | DOX | Anticancer drug Δ | In vitro | 48 |
+ indicate VLPs that protected the natural target host.
Δ indicate VLPs used for drug delivery.
LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; IBDV: infectious bursal disease virus; RVFV, Rift valley fever virus; FCV, feline calicivirus; RHDV, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus; CAV, chicken anemia virus; PCV2, porcine circovirus type 2; HBV, hepatitis B virus; NNV, nervous necrosis virus; FLU, influenza virus; BPV, bovine papillomavirus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; CPV, canine parvovirus; MEV, mink enteritis virus; DPV, muscovy duck parvovirus; GPV, goose parvovirus; PPV, porcine parvovirus; EMCV, porcine encephalomyocarditis virus; ERAV, equine rhinitis A virus; FMDV, foot and mouth disease virus; hamster PyV, hamster polyomaviruses; murine PyV, murine polyomaviruses; BTV, bluetongue virus; RV, rotavirus.