Table 1.

Poultry DNA vaccination against viruses.

Pathogen	Host	Antigen	Route	Major immunological outcomes	References
Avian Influenza Virus	Chicken	HA (mainly) or H5 or H7 or M	IM Or IV + SC + IP Or ID/SC Or IM Or oral	Stimulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, Th1 cytokines. Hemagglutinin inhibition. High levels of protection (up to 16 out of 17 chickens protected from a severe challenge).	[6], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]
	Duck	HA	ID/IM	Induction of virus neutralizating antibodies and haemagglutination inhibition.	[10]
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus	Chicken	VP2 or VP243	IM Or IM + ID Or IM + IP Or oral Or In ovo/IM Or oral + eye	High level of protection against an experimental challenge, up to 100%.	[5], [9], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36]
Infectious Bronchitis Virus	Chicken	S1 and/or N and/or M or unique ORF with 7 epitopes	IM Or in ovo/IM	60–90% of protection against an experimental challenge.	[7], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41]
Duck Hepatitis B Virus	Duck	preS/S and/or C	IM	Evaluation of new treatments based on DNA vaccination for humans.	[42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47]
Avian Reovirus	Chicken	σB and/or σC	oral	66.7–75% protection against experimental challenges.	[48], [92]
Chicken Anemia Virus	Chicken	VP1 and/or VP2	IM	Induction of CD8+ T-cells, virus neutralization antibodies, IL-2 and IFN-γ.	[3], [52], [93]
Newcastle Disease Virus	Chicken	F and/or H	IN + IM Or IN Or IM	High level of protection, up to 100% protection against an experimental challenge.	[13], [49], [72], [74], [77], [90]
Marek Disease Virus	Chicken	Herpesvirus genome	IM/ID	55% of survivors after a severe experimental challenge.	[50]
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus	Chicken	gB	IM	Decrease of mortality from 65–75% to 0%.	[12]
Reticuloendotheliosis Virus	Chicken	Gp90	IM	Induction of neutralizing antibodies. Proliferation and production of IL4 and IFN-γ by lymphocytes. Partial control of viremia after challenge (13/15 vs 2/15 in the control group).	[51]
Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus	Turkey	F and N	IM	Reduction in the level of virus shedding and induction of antibodies Decrease of animals presenting clinical symptoms from 50–60% to 20–30%.	[53]
Turkey Coronavirus	Turkey	4F/4R fragment of TCoVS	IM	Humoral immune response and decrease of turkeys showing clinical signs from 5/5 to 1/5 or 2/5.	[54]
Duck Enteritis Virus	Duck	gB, gC, gD or UL24	IG Or IM Or IN	IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies. Up to 80% of survivors after challenge.	[1], [86], [94]
Duck Plague Virus	Duck	gC	IM Or ID	Induction of virus specific serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies as well as lymphoproliferation.	[55]