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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Hum Dev. 2020 Jan 30;142:104954. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.104954

Table 1.

Prenatal and Perinatal Maternal and Infant Risk

Prenatal
Demographic Risk Index low socioeconomic status (SES)a, minorityb, no partner, maternal age >35, no prenatal care
Substance Risk Index prenatal alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, other illicit drug use
Maternal Medical Risk Index diabetes, infections (vaginal or urinary), chronic or pregnancy induced hypertension, sexually transmitted diseases or HIV, obesity, underweight, fetal congenital anomaly
Prenatal
Maternal Psychological Distress Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index (GSI)
Infant Medical Risk brain injury, severe ROP, CLD, NEC/sepsis
a

Socioeconomic status was calculated using the four-factor Hollingshead Index (based on marital status, employment status, educational attainment, and occupation) which has been adapted to single parent and non-nuclear families with Hollingshead level V indicating low SES. (Hollingshead 1975)

b

hispanic or non-white