Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and cognitive differences between young adult gamblers with and without a family history of substance use disorders
| Measure | Total sample Family history SUDs |
F | P (uncorr) | |
| No | Yes | |||
| N = 396 | N = 180 | |||
| Age, years | 21.8 (3.5) | 23.4 (3.5) | 27.23 | <0.0001∗ |
| Gender, male N [%] | 277 [70.0%] | 100 [55.5%] | 11.1391 | 0.0008∗ |
| Education level | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.9) | 1.6165 | 0.2041 |
| Race, Caucasian, N [%] # | 304 [76.8%] | 110 [61.8%] | 35.544 | 0.0001∗ |
| Quality of life t-score | 47.1 (11.4) | 43.3 (12.6) | 12.7391 | 0.0004∗ |
| Amount lost to gambling, past year, United States dollars | 960 (3,320) | 2,171 (4,972) | 11.8388 | 0.0006∗ |
| Alcohol consumption, times/week | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 8.6909 | 0.0033 |
| Nicotine consumption, packs per day | 0.08 (0.23) | 0.23 (0.36) | 33.8947 | <0.0001∗ |
| SCI-PG score | 0.8 (1.6) | 2.2 (2.5) | 44.7673 | <0.0001∗ |
| Any MINI mental disorder, N [%] | 124 [31.3%] | 86 [48.0%] | 14.649 | 0.0001∗ |
| Any MIDI disorder, N [%] | 35 [8.8%] | 26 [14.4%] | 3.92 | 0.0477 |
| Padua obsessive-compulsive inventory total score | 16.4 (15.3) | 22.2 (21.8) | 13.0813 | 0.0003∗ |
| BIS total score | 64.1 (11.5) | 66.6 (11.5) | 5.7978 | 0.01464 |
| IED total errors | 22.3 (21.7) | 31.1 (26.4) | 17.6 | <0.0001∗ |
| SST SSRT, ms | 179.2 (60.7) | 188.3 (71.3) | 2.4959 | 0.1147 |
| CGT proportion bet | 0.54 (0.14) | 0.54 (0.14) | 0.0148 | 0.9033 |
| CGT rational decision-making | 0.95 (0.08) | 0.93 (0.10) | 8.4042 | 0.0039 |
| CGT risk-adjustment | 1.66 (1.21) | 1.30 (1.18) | 11.0984 | 0.0009∗ |
| SWM total errors | 16.8 (17.8) | 22.5 (18.7) | 12.5056 | 0.0004∗ |
∗ P < 0.05 significant group difference with Bonferroni correction (threshold 0.05/21 = 0.0024). Statistical tests are ANOVA for continuous variables, and Likelihood Ratio tests for categorical measures. # presented in binary form for simplicity but all levels analyzed.
Abbreviations: SCI-PG = total symptoms endorsed from Structured Clinical Interview for Gambling Disorder; MINI = Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Inventory; MIDI = Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview; BIS = Barratt Impulsivity Scale; IED = Intra-Dimensional/Extra-Dimensional Set-Shift Task; SST = Stop-Signal Task; SSRT = Stop-Signal Reaction Time; CGT = Cambridge Gamble Task; SWM = Spatial Working Memory Task.