Table 1. Key features of the trials included in this report.
| Type of intervention* | CVD risk | cIMT progression | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Trial | Years of baseline | Country | Access to IPD | No. of trial arms | Antidiabetic | Antihypertensive | Dietary / vitamins | Lipid-lowering | Other | No. of patients | Type of population | Mean age (SD), years | % female | Median follow-up, years | No. of events | Maximum follow-up, years | % with cIMT data | Mean CCA-IMT | Max CCA-IMT | Other cIMT |
| ACAPS16,17 | 1989-1990 | USA | ● | 2x2 | - | - | - | ● | ● | 919 | Elevated CVD risk | 62 (8) | 48 | 5.0 | 18 | 6.0 | 100 | - | ● | - |
| ACT NOW18,19 | 2004-2006 | USA | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 602 | Dysglycemia | 52 (10) | 58 | 2.2† | 13 | 4.0 | 63 | ● | - | - |
| ALLO-IMT20 | 2009-2010 | UK | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 80 | Pre-existing CVD | 68 (10) | 43 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.2 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| AMAR21 | 2004-2005 | Russia | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 257 | Elevated CVD risk | 61 (9) | 0 | 2.0‡ | 21 | 2.0 | 76 | ● | - | - |
| ARBITER22 | 1999-2001 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 161 | Elevated CVD risk | 60 (12) | 29 | 1.0‡ | 6 | 1.0 | 86 | ● | ● | - |
| ARBITER 223 | 2001-2003 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 167 | Pre-existing CVD | 67 (10) | 9 | 1.0‡ | 10 | 1.0 | 89 | ● | - | - |
| ARBITER 6-HALTS6,24,25 | 2006-2009 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 363 | Pre-existing CVD | 65 (10) | 20 | 1.2‡ | 11 | 1.2 | 57 | ● | ● | - |
| ARTSTIFF26 | 2008-2011 | International | - | 3 | - | ● | - | - | - | 133 | Hypertension | 53 (10) | 37 | 1.0‡ | 0 | 1.0 | 87 | ● | - | - |
| ASAP-FINLAND27–29 | 1994-1995 | Finland | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 520 | Hyperlipidemia | 60 (6) | 51 | 6.0‡ | 22 | 6.0 | 85 | ● | - | - |
| ASAP-NL30,31 | 1997-1998 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 330 | Hyperlipidemia | 49 (11) | 61 | 2.0‡ | 5 | 2.0 | 85 | ● | - | - |
| ASFAST32 | 1998-2000 | International | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 315 | Kidney disease | 56 (13) | 32 | 3.3† | 73 | 3.6 | 77 | - | ● | - |
| ATIC33,34 | 2001-2002 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 93 | Kidney disease | 53 (12) | 43 | 2.0‡ | 4 | 1.5 | 80 | ● | - | - |
| Ahn et al.35 | 2005-2006 | Korea | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 130 | Pre-existing CVD | 64 (11) | 38 | 2.0‡ | 18 | 2.0 | 73 | - | - | ● |
| Andrews et al.36,37 | 2011-2015 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 80 | Kidney disease | 57 (12) | 20 | 0.2‡ | 1 | 0.2 | 79 | ● | - | - |
| BCAPS38 | 1994-1996 | Sweden | - | 2x2 | - | ● | - | ● | - | 793 | Elevated CVD risk | 62 (5) | 54 | 3.0† | 18 | 3.0 | 99 | ● | - | - |
| BKREGISTRY-II39 | 2000-2003 | Korea | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 205 | Pre-existing CVD | 60 (10) | 32 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.1 | 59 | ● | - | - |
| BVAIT40 | 2000-2006 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 506 | General population | 61 (10) | 39 | 3.1† | 20 | 2.5 | 97 | ● | - | - |
| CAIUS41 | 1991-1992 | Italy | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 305 | Hyperlipidemia | 55 (6) | 47 | 3.0‡ | 5 | 3.0 | 100 | - | ● | - |
| CAMERA42 | 2009-2011 | UK | ● | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 173 | Pre-existing CVD | 63 (8) | 23 | 1.5 | 12 | 2.3 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| CAPPA43 | 2009 | Korea | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 420 | Dysglycemia | 60 (9) | 50 | 3.0‡ | 6 | 3.0 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| CAPTIVATE44 | 2004-2005 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 892 | Hyperlipidemia | 55 (9) | 39 | 2.0‡ | 32 | 1.0 | 99 | - | - | ● |
| CERDIA45 | 1999-2001 | Netherlands | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 250 | Dysglycemia | 58 (11) | 53 | 2.1 | 14 | 2.5 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| CHICAGO46 | 2003-2005 | USA | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 462 | Dysglycemia | 60 (8) | 37 | 1.4‡ | 13 | 1.4 | 78 | ● | ● | - |
| CIMT phase 147,48 | 2008-2009 | Denmark | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 412 | Dysglycemia | 61 (9) | 32 | 1.5‡ | 20 | 1.5 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| CLAS49–51 | 1980-1984 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 162 | Pre-existing CVD | 54 (5) | 0 | 7.0† | 82 | 4.0 | 48 | ● | - | - |
| CONTRAST52,53 | 2004-2009 | Netherlands | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 714 | Kidney disease | 64 (14) | 38 | 2.4 | 173 | 3.1 | 20 | ● | ● | - |
| Cao et al.54 | 2008-2011 | China | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 287 | Elevated CVD risk | 71 (13) | 53 | 2.0‡ | 36 | 2.0 | 100 | - | - | ● |
| DAPC55,56 | 2004-2006 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 329 | Dysglycemia | 64 (7) | 48 | 2.0‡ | 3 | 2.0 | 90 | ● | ● | - |
| DAPHNE57 | NR | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 80 | Pre-existing CVD | 59 (7) | 0 | 3.0‡ | 16 | 3.0 | 100 | - | - | ● |
| DOIT58 | 1997-1999 | Norway | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 561 | Elevated CVD risk | 70 (5) | 0 | 3.0‡ | 63 | 3.0 | 83 | ● | - | - |
| EGE STUDY59,60 | 2005-2006 | Turkey | ● | 2x2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 644 | Kidney disease | 59 (14) | 46 | 3.0 | 60 | 3.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| ELITE (early MP)61,62 | 2005-2008 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 271 | General population | 55 (4) | 100 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 92 | ● | - | - |
| ELITE (late MP)61,62 | 2005-2008 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 372 | General population | 65 (6) | 100 | 5.0 | 5 | 5.0 | 94 | ● | - | - |
| ELSA63 | NR | International | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 2334 | Hypertension | 56 (7) | 45 | 4.0‡ | 60 | 4.0 | 87 | - | - | ● |
| ELVA64 | NR | Sweden | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 129 | Hyperlipidemia | 60 (10) | 49 | 3.0‡ | 4 | 3.0 | 71 | ● | - | - |
| ENCORE65,66 | 2003-2008 | USA | ● | 3 | - | - | ● | - | - | 144 | Elevated CVD risk | 52 (10) | 67 | 0.4 | 1 | 1.1 | 98 | ● | - | - |
| ENHANCE67 | 2002-2004 | International | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 720 | Hyperlipidemia | 47 (9) | 49 | 2.0 | 52 | 2.3 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| EPAT68 | 1994-1998 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 222 | Hyperlipidemia | 61 (7) | 100 | 2.0‡ | 7 | 2.0 | 90 | ● | - | - |
| FIELD69,70 | 1998-2000 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 9795 | Dysglycemia | 62 (7) | 37 | 6.0‡ | 1295 | 5.0 | 2 | - | ● | - |
| FIRST71,72 | 2008-2010 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 682 | Pre-existing CVD | 61 (9) | 32 | 2.1‡ | 30 | 2.0 | 84 | - | ● | - |
| FRANCIS73,74 | 2011-2012 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 320 | Elevated CVD risk | 53 (11) | 70 | 5.0‡ | 9 | 5.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| GRACE75 | 2003-2005 | International | ● | 2x2 | ● | - | ● | - | - | 1189 | Dysglycemia | 63 (8) | 36 | 5.8 | 374 | 5.1 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| Gresele et al.76 | 2003-2005 | International | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 442 | Pre-existing CVD | 67 (9) | 21 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.6 | 57 | ● | ● | - |
| HART77 | 1999-2000 | International | ● | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 925 | Pre-existing CVD | 69 (7) | 24 | 5.0 | 152 | 5.6 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| HERS78,79 | 1993-1994 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 2763 | General population | 67 (7) | 100 | 4.1† | 552 | 4.7 | 16 | - | ● | - |
| HYRIM80 | 1997-1999 | Norway | ● | 2x2 | - | - | - | ● | ● | 568 | Hypertension | 57 (9) | 0 | 4.1 | 47 | 4.6 | 99 | - | ● | - |
| INSIGHT81–83 | 1994-1996 | France | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 6321 | Elevated CVD risk | 65 (7) | 54 | 3.5† | 347 | 4.0 | 5 | ● | - | - |
| J-STARS84–88 | 2004-2009 | Japan | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 1589 | Pre-existing CVD | 66 (8) | 31 | 4.9† | 290 | 5.0 | 50 | ● | - | - |
| JART89 | 2008-2010 | Japan | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 348 | Hyperlipidemia | 64 (9) | 51 | 2.0‡ | 9 | 2.0 | 40 | ● | ● | - |
| KAPS90 | 1984-1989 | Finland | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 447 | Hyperlipidemia | 57 (4) | 0 | 3.0‡ | 28 | 3.0 | 95 | - | ● | - |
| KEEPS91 | 2005-2008 | USA | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | ● | 727 | General population | 53 (3) | 100 | 4.0‡ | 1 | 4.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| KIMVASC92 | 2011-2012 | UK | ● | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 80 | Pre-existing CVD | 77 (5) | 45 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 99 | ● | - | - |
| Katakami et al.93 | 1998 | Japan | - | 3 | ● | - | - | - | - | 159 | Dysglycemia | 61 (9) | 51 | 3.3† | 0 | 3.3 | 74 | - | - | ● |
| Koyasu et al.94 | 2006-2008 | Japan | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 90 | Pre-existing CVD | 66 (8) | 9 | 1.0‡ | 0 | 1.0 | 90 | - | ● | - |
| LAARS95 | NR | International | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 280 | Hypertension | 59 (9) | 50 | 2.0‡ | 0 | 2.0 | 72 | ● | - | - |
| LIFE-ICARUS96 | 1996-1997 | International | ● | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 83 | Hypertension | 67 (6) | 27 | 4.9 | 8 | 3.1 | 98 | ● | - | - |
| LIPID97–100 | 1990-1992 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 9014 | Pre-existing CVD | 61 (8) | 17 | 6.1† | 3229 | 4.0 | 4 | ● | - | - |
| Luijendijk et al.101,102 | 2007-2009 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 155 | Pre-existing CVD | 36 (12) | 38 | 3.3† | 0 | 4.4 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| MARS103,104 | 1985-1989 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 270 | Hyperlipidemia | 58 (7) | 9 | 2.2† | 54 | 4.0 | 27 | ● | - | - |
| MAVET105 | 1994-1995 | Australia | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 409 | Elevated CVD risk | 64 (6) | 55 | 4.0‡ | 6 | 4.0 | 81 | - | ● | - |
| MECANO106,107 | 2005-2006 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 185 | Kidney disease | 51 (13) | 36 | 1.5‡ | 6 | 2.0 | 88 | ● | - | - |
| MEDICLAS108,109 | 2003-2005 | Netherlands | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 48 | Elevated CVD risk | 42 (10) | 0 | 3.0 | 1 | 3.2 | 77 | ● | - | - |
| METEOR110 | 2002-2004 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 984 | Elevated CVD risk | 57 (6) | 40 | 2.0‡ | 3 | 2.0 | 89 | ● | ● | - |
| MG600111 | 2010-2011 | Brazil | ● | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 35 | Hypertension | 55 (7) | 100 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| MIDAS112 | NR | USA | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 883 | Hypertension | 59 (9) | 22 | 3.0‡ | 47 | 3.0 | 100 | - | ● | - |
| MITEC113,114 | 2000-2002 | France | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 209 | Elevated CVD risk | 60 (8) | 36 | 3.0‡ | 0 | 3.0 | 41 | ● | - | - |
| Makimura et al.115 | 2008-2010 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 60 | Elevated CVD risk | 41 (2) | 35 | 1.0‡ | 0 | 1.0 | 97 | ● | - | - |
| Masia et al.116 | 2006-2007 | Spain | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 68 | Elevated CVD risk | 52 (11) | 10 | 6.0 | 4 | 6.9 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| Mitsuhashi et al.117 | NR | Japan | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 62 | Dysglycemia | 63 (7) | 35 | 2.6† | 1 | 2.6 | 100 | - | - | ● |
| Mortazavi et al.118 | NR | Iran | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 54 | Kidney disease | 57 (12) | 50 | 0.5‡ | 1 | 0.5 | 96 | ● | - | - |
| NTPP119 | 2005-2010 | Japan | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 123 | Elevated CVD risk | 59 (9) | 54 | 3.0‡ | 0 | 3.0 | 79 | ● | ● | - |
| Nakamura et al. II120 | 2001 | Japan | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 50 | Kidney disease | 53 (7) | 40 | 6.9 | 8 | 4.1 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| Ntaios et al.121 | 2005 | Greece | ● | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 103 | Elevated CVD risk | 73 (5) | 45 | 1.5 | 18 | 1.5 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| OPAL122,123 | 1997-1999 | International | ● | 3 | - | - | - | - | ● | 866 | General population | 59 (7) | 100 | 3.1 | 9 | 3.7 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| PART-2124 | NR | New Zealand | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 617 | Pre-existing CVD | 61 (8) | 18 | 4.7† | 150 | 4.0 | 87 | ● | - | - |
| PEACE125 | 2007-2008 | Japan | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 303 | Hyperlipidemia | 66 (9) | 43 | 1.0‡ | 2 | 1.0 | 74 | ● | ● | - |
| PERFORM126,127 | 2006-2008 | International | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 19120 | Pre-existing CVD | 67 (8) | 37 | 2.4† | 2910 | 3.0 | 5 | ● | - | - |
| PERIOCARDIO128 | 2010-2012 | Australia | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 273 | Elevated CVD risk | 41 (10) | 42 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.4 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| PHOREA129 | 1995-1996 | Germany | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | ● | 321 | General population | 59 (4) | 100 | 0.9‡ | 1 | 0.9 | 54 | - | ● | - |
| PHYLLIS130,131 | 1995-1997 | Italy | - | 4 | - | ● | - | ● | - | 508 | Elevated CVD risk | 58 (7) | 60 | 2.6† | 6 | 2.6 | 82 | - | ● | - |
| PLAC II132–134 | 1987-1990 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 151 | Elevated CVD risk | 63 (NR) | 15 | 3.0‡ | 14 | 3.0 | 100 | - | ● | - |
| PPAR135 | 2002-2003 | International | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 200 | Elevated CVD risk | 59 (10) | 20 | 1.0‡ | 17 | 1.0 | 100 | - | - | ● |
| PREDIMED136,137 | 2008-2009 | Spain | - | 3 | - | - | ● | - | - | 7447 | Elevated CVD risk | 67 (6) | 57 | 4.8 | 288 | 2.4 | 2 | ● | ● | - |
| PREVEND IT138–141 | 1998-1999 | Netherlands | ● | 2x2 | - | ● | - | ● | - | 864 | Kidney disease | 51 (12) | 35 | 3.9 | 102 | 4.7 | 94 | ● | - | - |
| PREVENT142,143 | 1992-1997 | International | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 825 | Elevated CVD risk | 57 (10) | 20 | 3.0‡ | 196 | 3.0 | 46 | - | ● | ● |
| PROBE144,145 | 2002-2003 | Japan | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 587 | Dysglycemia | 58 (NR) | 37 | 4.0‡ | 14 | 3.3 | 30 | ● | ● | - |
| RADIANCE I146,147 | 2003-2004 | International | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 904 | Hyperlipidemia | 46 (13) | 51 | 2.0 | 44 | 2.3 | 98 | ● | ● | - |
| RADIANCE II147,148 | 2004-2006 | International | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 752 | Hyperlipidemia | 57 (8) | 36 | 2.0 | 37 | 2.4 | 98 | ● | ● | - |
| RAS149 | 2002-2003 | Sweden | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 557 | Elevated CVD risk | 67 (6) | 54 | 1.0‡ | 5 | 1.0 | 80 | ● | - | - |
| REGRESS150,151 | 1989-1991 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 885 | Elevated CVD risk | 56 (8) | 0 | 2.0‡ | 148 | 2.0 | 29 | ● | - | - |
| REMOVAL152,153 | 2011-2014 | International | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 428 | Dysglycemia | 56 (9) | 41 | 3.0‡ | 17 | 3.0 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| RIS154 | 1987-1989 | Sweden | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 164 | Elevated CVD risk | 66 (5) | 0 | 5.9 | 47 | 7.3 | 99 | ● | ● | - |
| SANDS155–157 | 2003-2004 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 499 | Elevated CVD risk | 56 (9) | 66 | 3.0‡ | 18 | 3.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| SCIMO158,159 | 1992-1994 | Germany | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 223 | Elevated CVD risk | 58 (9) | 20 | 2.0‡ | 55 | 2.0 | 77 | - | ● | - |
| SECURE160 | 1994-1995 | Canada | ● | 3x2 | - | ● | ● | - | - | 731 | Elevated CVD risk | 66 (7) | 24 | 4.4 | 103 | 5.3 | 100 | - | ● | - |
| SEKONA161 | 2004-2005 | Germany | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 600 | Elevated CVD risk | 49 (6) | 11 | 3.0‡ | 110 | 3.0 | 66 | ● | - | - |
| SENDCAP162 | 1990-1993 | UK | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 164 | Dysglycemia | 51 (8) | 29 | 3.0‡ | 4 | 3.0 | 77 | - | ● | - |
| SPEAD-A163,164 | 2011-2013 | Japan | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 341 | Dysglycemia | 65 (9) | 42 | 2.0‡ | 4 | 2.0 | 94 | ● | ● | - |
| SPIKE165–167 | 2012 | Japan | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 282 | Dysglycemia | 64 (7) | 40 | 2.0‡ | 6 | 2.0 | 97 | ● | ● | - |
| STARR168 | 2001-2003 | International | ● | 2x2 | ● | ● | - | - | - | 1320 | Dysglycemia | 53 (11) | 55 | 4.2 | 30 | 4.5 | 100 | ● | ● | - |
| STOP-NIDDM169,170 | 1996-1998 | Germany | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 1429 | Dysglycemia | 55 (8) | 51 | 3.3† | 47 | 3.9 | 8 | ● | - | - |
| Safarova et al.171 | 2007-2009 | Russia | ● | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 60 | Pre-existing CVD | 55 (6) | 0 | 3.0 | 40 | 2.8 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| Sander et al. (Cp neg)172,173 | 1995-1998 | Germany | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 147 | Pre-existing CVD | 64 (12) | 44 | 3.0‡ | 9 | 2.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| Sander et al. (Cp pos)172,173 | 1995-1998 | Germany | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 125 | Pre-existing CVD | 65 (14) | 43 | 3.0‡ | 19 | 2.0 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| Spring et al.174 | NR | Switzerland | - | 2 | - | - | - | ● | - | 100 | Pre-existing CVD | 67 (11) | 22 | 0.5‡ | 2 | 0.5 | 89 | ● | - | - |
| Stanley et al.175 | 2011-2013 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 50 | Elevated CVD risk | 51 (7) | 16 | 0.5‡ | 1 | 0.5 | 86 | ● | - | - |
| Stanton et al.176 | NR | UK | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 69 | Hypertension | 48 (11) | 41 | 1.0‡ | 1 | 1.0 | 80 | ● | - | - |
| TART177 | 1997-1998 | USA | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 299 | Dysglycemia | 52 (9) | 66 | 2.0 | 12 | 2.0 | 92 | ● | - | - |
| TEAAM178 | 2004-2009 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 308 | General population | 68 (5) | 0 | 3.0‡ | 16 | 3.0 | 99 | ● | - | - |
| TRIPOD179 | 1995-1998 | USA | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 266 | Dysglycemia | 34 (7) | 100 | 2.9 | 0 | 4.0 | 72 | ● | - | - |
| Tasic et al.180 | NR | Serbia | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 40 | Hypertension | 64 (9) | 35 | 0.8‡ | 6 | 0.8 | 100 | ● | - | - |
| VEAPS181 | 1996-1999 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 353 | Hyperlipidemia | 56 (9) | 52 | 3.0† | 18 | 3.0 | 94 | ● | - | - |
| VHAS182,183 | NR | Italy | - | 2 | - | ● | - | - | - | 1414 | Hypertension | 54 (7) | 51 | 2.0‡ | 33 | 4.0 | 27 | - | - | ● |
| VIP184 | 2005-2007 | Netherlands | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 119 | Kidney disease | 53 (12) | 33 | 3.0‡ | 10 | 3.0 | 86 | ● | - | - |
| VITAL185 | 2002-2004 | Netherlands | ● | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 199 | Elevated CVD risk | 49 (12) | 41 | 1.5 | 12 | 2.5 | 99 | ● | - | - |
| WISH186 | 2004-2007 | USA | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 350 | General population | 61 (7) | 100 | 2.7 | 1 | 3.0 | 93 | ● | - | - |
| Yang et al.187 | 2013-2017 | China | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | ● | 119 | Elevated CVD risk | 54 (11) | 72 | 0.5‡ | 0 | 0.5 | 100 | - | - | ● |
| Yun et al.188 | 2010-2013 | China | - | 2 | ● | - | - | - | - | 135 | Pre-existing CVD | 62 (5) | 40 | 2.3† | 23 | 4.5 | 93 | ● | - | - |
| Zou et al.189 | 2010 | China | - | 2 | - | - | ● | - | - | 96 | Elevated CVD risk | 57 (5) | 59 | 1.0‡ | 0 | 1.0 | 89 | ● | - | - |
| Total: 119 trials | 1980-2017 | 30 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 33 | 37 | 100667 | 62 (8) | 41.9 | 3.7 | 12038 | 3.5 | 90 | 91 | 49 | 11 | |||
Table V in the Supplement provides full names of the contributing trials. *Table III in the Supplement provides detailed information on the interventions in each trial. †Mean. ‡Maximum. Abbreviations: CCA-IMT=common-carotid-artery intima-media thickness. cIMT=carotid intima-media thickness. CVD=cardiovascular disease. IPD=individual-participant data. NR=not reported. SD=standard deviation.