Fig. 1.

The osteal anchor was designed to have a decreasing porosity leading to a closed interface between the osteal and chondral parts of the construct, to mimic the natural architecture of the subchondral bone (A), as showed in the 3D-model of the PCL-based anchor design (A). A fiber reinforcement was added in the chondral layer to enhance fixation of hydrogel materials and biomechanical resistance of the chondral layer (B). The hydrogel materials can be cast on top (C). AFG, autologous fibrin glue; PCL, polycaprolactone.