Table 2.

Factors in urban African food environments influencing dietary behaviours in the included studies (n 39)

Level	Sub-level	Factor (no. of studies)	Dietary behaviour	Evidence	Population
Individual and household (45)	Cognitions (12)	Taste (4)	Dietary intake	Pradeilles(62)MM, Sedibe et al. (26)QL and Voorend et al. (27)QL	Mixed adolescent adult; Female adolescent
			Fast-food intake	Van Zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
			Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM	Female adolescent and adult
		Preferences (1)	Food choice	Boatemma et al. (19)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult; female adolescent
		Hunger/not hungry/lack of appetite (6)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Food intake	Agbozo et al. (28)QN *, Mogre et al. (49)QN * and Waswa(59)QN *	Mixed adult; Mixed adult; Female adult
			Dietary diversity	Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (32)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
			Skipping meals	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN †	Female adolescent
		Mood (1)	Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Subjective health status (4)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN ‡ and Mogre et al. (49)QN *	Mixed adult; Mixed adult
			Food choice	Agbozo et al. (28)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary intake/Disordered eating	Amenyah & Michels(29)QN *	Mixed adolescent
		Perceived stress (1)	Dietary intake	El Ansari & Berg-Beckhoff(34)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Self-esteem (1)	Disordered eating	Gitau et al. (38)QN ‡	Males adolescent
		Body satisfaction (1)	Disordered eating	Gitau et al. (38)QN ‡	Males adolescent
		Body image perception (1)	Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Food knowledge (3)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN †	Mixed adult
			Food choice	Agbozo et al. (28)QN ‡	Mixed adult
			Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Perception of diet quality (1)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Perception of diet quantity (1)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
	Lifestyle/behaviours (15)	Dieting (1)	Dietary habits	Sedibe et al. (26)/Voorend et al. (27)QL	Female adolescent
		Skipping meals (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
		Snacking (1)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Habit/routine (1)	Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM	Female adolescent and adult
		Household dietary diversity (1)	Dietary diversity	Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (32)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
		Processed food consumption (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
		Eating out occasions (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
		Eating three daily meals (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
		Overall lifestyle (1)	Diet quality	Sodjinou et al. (54)/Sodjinou et al. (55)QN †	Mixed adult
		Spoken language (1)	Food quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN †	Mixed Adolescent
		Time limitations (5)	Dietary intake	Legwegoh(23)/Legwegoh & Hovorka(24)QN	Mixed adult
			Fast-food intake	Van Zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
			Food choice	Brown et al. (20)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Unhealthy food intake	Craveiro et al. (21)QL	Mixed adult
			Skipping meal	Mogre et al. (49)QN *	Mixed adult
		Quality of life (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN ‡	Mixed adult
		Tobacco use (2)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN †	Mixed adult
			Diet quality	Sodjinou et al. (54)/Sodjinou et al. (55)QN †	Mixed adult
		Alcohol use (2)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Diet quality	Sodjinou et al. (54)/Sodjinou et al. (55)QN †	Mixed adult
		Physical activity (5)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Energy intake	Hattingh et al. (39) * ,(40) * ,(41)QN *	Female adult
			Dietary intake	Becquey et al. (31)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary patterns	Zeba et al. (60)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary quality	Sodjinou et al. (54)/Sodjinou et al. (55)QN *	Mixed adult
	Biological (9)	Morbidity (1)	Dietary diversity	Kiboi et al. (43)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
		Age (11)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN ‡	Female adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN ‡	Mixed adult
			Dietary quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN *	Mixed adolescent
			Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN *, Savy et al. (53)QN *, Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡ and Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (32)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult; Adult women; Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult
			Meal skipping	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN †	Female adolescent
			Food choice	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN	Female adolescent
			Dietary patterns	Zeba et al. (53)QN *	Mixed adult
			Energy intake	Hattingh et al. (39)/Hattingh et al. (40)/Hattingh et al. (41)QN *	Female adult
			Fattening practices	Jafri et al. (42)QN *	Adult women
		Parity (2)	Dietary patterns	Zeba et al. (54)QN *	Mixed adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(42)/Landais et al. (45)QN ‡	Adult women
		Gender (5)	Dietary quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN *	Mixed adolescent
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary intake	Aounallah-Skhiri et al. (30)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Fast-food intake	Van zyl et al. (58)QN †	Mixed adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN ‡	Mixed adult
		Body composition (2)	Dietary intake	Pradeilles(62)MM ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN ‡	Mixed adult
		Pubertal development (1)	Dietary intake	Pradeilles(62)MM	Mixed adolescent and adult
		BMI z-score (1)	Dietary intake/Snacking	Feeley et al. (35)QN †	Mixed adolescent
		Fat mass (1)	Dietary intake/Snacking	Feeley et al. (35)QN †	Mixed adolescent
		Health (2)	Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
	Demographic (9)	Income (individual/household) (6)	Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN * and Kiboi et al. (43)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
			Dietary intake	Legwegoh et al. (23)/Legwegoh et al. (24)QL and Steyn et al. (57)QN †	Mixed adult; Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary patterns	Zeba et al. (54)QN ‡	Mixed adult
			Dietary quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN †	Mixed adolescent
		Socio-economic status (individual/household) (13)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN † and Savy et al. (53)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult
			Dietary intake	Aounallah-Skhiri et al. (30)QN †, Legwegoh et al. (23)/Legwegoh et al. (24)QL, Hattingh et al. (39)/Hattingh et al. (40)/Hattingh et al. (41)QN ‡, Mbochi et al. (48)QN †, Njelekela et al. (50)QN ‡, Pradeilles(62)MM ‡ and Steyn et al. (57)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adult; Female adult; Female adult; Mixed adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult;
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
			Dietary quality	Fokeena & Jeewon(36)QN *	Mixed adolescent
			Meal skipping /Food choices	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
			Fast-food intake	Van zyl et al. (58)QN †	Mixed adult
		Employment (individual/parent/household head) (7)	Dietary diversity	Kiboi et al. (43)QN †, Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (32)QN † and Codjoe et al. (33)QN *	Female adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN †	Female adult
			Dietary intake	Aounallah-Skhiri et al. (30)QN † and Steyn et al. (57)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN †	Mixed adolescent
		Education (individual/parent) (9)	Dietary diversity	Kiboi et al. (43)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
			Dietary intake	Aounallah-Skhiri et al. (30)QN †, Glozah & Pevalin(37)QN † and Lopez et al. (46)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary quality	Soualem et al. (56)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent
			Dietary patterns	Zeba et al. (54)QN ‡	Mixed adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN and Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN †	Female adult ; Mixed adult
			Household dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Wealth (individual/household) (3)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN †	Mixed adult and adolescent
			Food choice	Agbozo et al. (28)QN *	Mixed adult
		Land ownership (1)	Dietary diversity	Kiboi et al. (43)QN †	Female adolescent and adult
		Ethnicity (5)	Dietary intake	Steyn et al. (57)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Disordered eating	Gitau et al. (38)QN ‡	Male adolescent
			Meal skipping/Food choice	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
			Fruit and vegetable consumption	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN †	Mixed adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡	Mixed adult and adolescent
		Household food expenditure (2)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN † and Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent
		Financial insecurity (1)	Unhealthy eating choice	Draper et al. (22)QL	Female adult
Social environment (11)	Family (9)	Marital status (6)	Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN ‡ and Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Female adult; Mixed adult
			Fattening practices	Rguibi & Behalsen(25)QL and Jafri et al. (42)QN *	Female adolescent and adult; Adult women
			Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN † and Savy et al. (53)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult
		Household social roles (1)	Snacking	Batnitzky(18)QL	Mixed adult
		Household composition (4)	Meal skipping	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
			Food intake	Batnitzky(18)QL	Mixed adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡ and Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (32)QN ‡	Mixed adult and adolescent; Female adolescent and adult
		Eating companions (2)	Meal skipping	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
			Food choice	Brown et al. (20)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Shared bowl (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity	Landais(43)/Landais et al. (45)QN ‡	Female adult
		What rest of family eat (2)	Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM and Boatemma et al. (19)QL	Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult
		Number of children (1)	Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
		Parental influence (1)	Adequacy of food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Support in the household (3)	Food choice	Boatemma et al. (19)QL, Becquey et al. (31)QN † and Savy et al. (53)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult
			Dietary intake	Glozah & Pevalin(37)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
	Friends and peers (n 2)	Friendship (4)	Fruit and vegetable consumption	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary intakes	Sedibe et al. (26) */Voorend et al. (27)QL *	Female adolescent
			Food choice	Boatemma et al. (19)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Adequacy of food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
			Fast-food intake	Van zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
		Religious groups (1)	Dietary intake	Pradeilles(62)MM	Mixed adolescent and adult
Physical environment(12)	Home (4)	Household food stocks (1)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN †, Kiboi et al. (43)QN † and Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent
		Food availability (3)	Adequacy of food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN †	Mixed adult and adolescent
			Food choice	Agbozo et al. (28)QN *	Mixed adult
		Living area (3)	Fruit and vegetable intake/ diversity	Landais(44)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya(52)QN *	Mixed adult
			Food choice	Mayen et al. (47)QN †	Mixed adult
		Housing conditions (2)	Dietary intake	Steyn et al. (57)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Meal skipping	Onyiriuka et al. (51)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
	Neighbourhoods (7)	Household sanitation (1)	Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN † and Savy et al. (53)QN *	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult
		Neighbourhood SES (2)	Dietary intake	Pradeilles(62)MM ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult
			Dietary intake/Snacking	Feeley et al. (35)QN *	Mixed adolescent
		Affordability (2)	Food choice	Boatemma et al. (19)QL and Sedibe et al. (26)/Voorend et al. (27)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent
		Eating outside of home (2)	Fruit and vegetable consumption	Landais(43)/Landais et al. (45)QN *	Female adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN †	Mixed adult and adolescent
		Where food is bought (1)	Dietary intake	Steyn et al. (57)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
		Convenience (2)	Dietary intake	Sedibe et al. (26)QL/Voorend et al. (27)QL	Female adolescent
			Fast-food intake	Van Zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
		Availability (3)	Fast-food intake	Van Zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
			Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer et al.(52)QN*
			Food choices	Boatemma et al. (19)QL	Mixed adolescent and adult
	School (2)	School attendance (1)	Dietary habits	Sedibe et al. (26)/Voorend et al. (27)	Female adolescent
			Dietary intake	Aounallah-Skhiri et al. (30)QN †	Mixed adolescent and adult
Macro-level environment(9)	Food marketing and media (3)	Advertising (1)	Dietary intake	Legwegoh et al. (23)/Legwegoh et al. (23)QL	Mixed adults
		Media (3)	Fast-food intake	Van Zyl et al. (58)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary intake/Disordered eating	Amenyah & Michels(29)QN *	Mixed adolescent
			Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Ideal body size (2)	Dietary intake/Disordered eating	Amenyah & Michels(29)QN *	Mixed adolescent
			Disordered eating	Gitau et al. (38)QN ‡	Male adolescent
	Societal and cultural norms/values (2)	Religion (5)	Fruit and vegetable intake	Peltzer et al. (52)QN ‡	Mixed adult
			Skipping meal	Mogre et al. (49)QN *	Mixed adult
			Dietary diversity	Becquey et al. (31)QN †, Savy et al. (53)QN * and Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡	Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult; Mixed adult and adolescent
			Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
		Cultural beliefs (4)	Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
			Fattening practices	Rguibi & Behalsen(25)QL	Female adolescent and adult
			Dietary diversity	Codjoe et al. (33)QN ‡	Mixed adult and adolescent
			Dietary intake	Legwegoh et al. (23)/Legwegoh et al. (23)QL	Mixed adults
	Food and beverage industry (4)	Food prices (5)	Dietary intake	Legwegoh et al. (23)/Legwegoh et al. (23)QL and Sedibe et al. (26)/Voorend et al. (27)QL	Mixed adults; Female adolescent
			Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM	Female adolescent and adult
			Food intake	Waswa(59)QN *	Female adult
			Unhealthy eating choice	Draper et al. (22)QL	Female adult
		Quality/freshness of food (1)	Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)QN *	Female adolescent and adult
		Quick/easy to make foods (1)	Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM	Female adolescent and adult
		Presentation and packaging (1)	Food choice	Charlton et al. (61)MM	Female adolescent and adult

MM, mixed methods; QN, quantitative study; QL, qualitative study.

^*Association not assessed/reported.

^†Significant association.

^‡Association assessed but NS.