Table 2.

Associations between interpregnancy change in maternal exposures and childhood adiposity in second or higher order siblings across the 11 included studies

	First author and year
Maternal exposure	Adane 201829	Albers 201840	Aucott 201730	Barclay 201831	Devakumar 201632	Huttly 199233	Iliadou 201034	Li 201835	Smithers 201736	Willmer 201337	Yuan 201638
Interpregnancy weight change
● Highest loss categorya	x		+
● Loss	x		x
● Small/moderate gains	x		x
● Highest gain categoryb	+		+
● Change in BMI at week 10 of pregnancy										x
Smoking status
● Smoking PG2 only			+				x
● Smoking PG1 only			+				x
● Smoked PG1 and PG2			+				+
● Increase in each additional cigarette smoked		+
Mode of birth
● Elective caesarean compared to vaginal birth after a caesarean birth									x
● Vaginal birth after a caesarean birth											-
● Caesarean birth after a vaginal birth											x
Length of the interpregnancy interval
● Longer preceding birth intervalsc				+	x	+		x
● Shorter preceding birth intervalsd				x		-
● Preceding interval<18 months				x
● Continuous variable					x			x
● Continuous variable—Female offspring					+
● Continuous variable—Male offspring					x
● Binary variablee x

Notes: (+) factor associated with greater childhood adiposity; (−) factor associated with reduced childhood adiposity; (x) confidence interval for association includes the null (1.0 for odds and risk ratios, 0.0 for linear coefficients), or p values >0.05 where these are unavailable.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PG1, Pregnancy 1; PG2, Pregnancy 2.

^aAdane et al. used loss of ≥1 BMI units; Aucott et al. used loss ≥−10%.

^bAdane et al. used gain of ≥4 BMI units; Aucott et al. used gain ≥10%.

^cBarclay and Kolk 31 months plus; Devakumar et al. 18 months plus; Huttly et al. 24 months plus; Li et al. 6 months plus.

^dBarclay and Kolk 19–24 months; Huttly et al. 18–23 months.

^eThe only association found was with fat-free mass (see Table 3).