Table 1.

Overview of advantages and disadvantages of different fiber patterning technologies.

Fiber technology	Advantages	Disadvantages
Solution electrospinning	Nano to sub-micrometer scale resolution (0.01–1 μm)[93] Cheap Easy to use	Limited materials available Limited thickness (max. 30 min of fber deposition)[96] Uncontrollable and small pore size Limited shape fdelity Solvents (often cytotoxic) involved
Melt electrospinning	Precise control over microarchitecture Moderately thick scaffold possible (up to 7 mm)[115] High shape fdelity Solvent free	Limited materials available High temperatures required Microscale resolution (smallest = 0.8 μm)[114]
Near-field spinning	Precise control over microarchitecture Nano to sub-micrometer scale resolution (0.05–6 µm)[130,134] Solution or melt possible	Limited thickness (up to 100 µm)[135]
Rotary Jet spinning	Nano to sub-micrometer fber diameters (0.05–3.5 µm)[136] High production rate Room-temperature processing Wide range of materials processing[198] Easy to use	Low porosity Solvents involved Poor fber placement control Requires postprocessing
Pull spinning	Ambient conditions Easy to use Compatible with wide range of material[141] Scaffold geometry control by adjusting collector[173]	Solvents involved Limited fber placement control Lower throughput than rotary jet spinning[141]
Microfuidic spinning	Fibers can be tuned on morphological, structural, and chemical features Direct cell deposition possible	Slow fabrication process Frequent nozzle clogging