Figure 8.

Bioprinted models of a cardiac ventricle, exhibiting synchronous electroconductive and contractile functions could be fabricated combining multimaterial printing and printing in a support bath, with the incorporation of high density of cardiomyocytes. A) Schematic representation of the printing process, B) construct dimensions, and C) final printed model. D) Calcium imaging of the printed structure and E) spontaneous, directional propagation of the calcium wave, indicating transmission of the action potential across the cardiomyocytes, also shown from a top view of the construct (F,G). H,I) Calcium signal propagation can be observed also after point stimulation, as also J) measured recording transient calcium waves during both spontaneous contraction or induced contractions with stimulation at 1 and 2 Hz. Reproduced with permission.^[53] Copyright 2019, AAAS.