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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 Jun 30;181:114129. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114129

Table 2. Neuropeptides in animal venoms (proteomic evidence and venom organ transcriptome evidence).

Neuropeptide family Neuropeptide Species Taxonomic group UniProt/ Genbank/ PMID ID
Bradykinin Megascoliakinin Megascolia flavifrons Insect P12797
Bradykinin Thr6-Bradykinin Polybia occidentalis Insect P0DM70
CCAP a ConoCAP-a Conus villepinii Mollusc E3PQQ8
CCAP ConoCAP-Gm Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
Elevenin Elevenin-Vc1 Conus victoriae Mollusc A0A0F7YZQ7
Endothelin Bibrotoxin Atractaspis bibroni Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P80163
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-A, Serisoform, S6A Atractaspis engaddensis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P13209
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-A, Thrisoform Atractaspis engaddensis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P13208
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-B, S6B Atractaspis engaddensis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P13208
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-C, S6C Atractaspis engaddensis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P13208
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-E, S6E Atractaspis engaddensis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P13208
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-i1 Atractaspis irregularis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P0DJK0
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-i2 Atractaspis irregularis Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) P0DJK1
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-m (SRTX-m) Atractaspis
microlepidota
microlepidota
Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) Q6RY99
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-m1 (SRTX-m1) Atractaspis
microlepidota
microlepidota
Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) Q6RY100
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-m2 (SRTX-m2) Atractaspis
microlepidota
microlepidota
Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) Q6RY101
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-m3 (SRTX-m3) Atractaspis
microlepidota
microlepidota
Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) Q6RY102
Endothelin Sarafotoxin-m4 (SRTX-m4) Atractaspis
microlepidota
microlepidota
Lepidosauromorpha (Lamprophiidae) Q6RY103
Enkephalin BmK-YA Buthus martensii Arachnid (scorpion) 22792309
Enkephalin BmK-YA Mesobuthus martensii Arachnid (scorpion) Q9Y0X6
Enkephalin His4-BmK-YA Buthus martensii Arachnid (scorpion) 22792309
Enkephalin Met-enkephalin Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Actinopterygii P0DP56
Enkephalin Met-enkephalin-His-Asp Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Actinopterygii P0DP56
Enkephalin Met-enkephalin-Se Meiacanthus r atrodorsalis Actinopterygii P0DP56
Enkephalin Synenkephalin Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Actinopterygii P0DP56
FARP b Conorfamide Tx1.3 Conus textile Mollusc P0DL71
FARP Conorfamide-As1 Conus cancellatus Mollusc P0DQH7
FARP Conorfamide-As2 Conus cancellatus Mollusc P0DQH8
FARP Conorfamide-Gm Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
FARP Conorfamide-Sr1 Conus spurius Mollusc P58805
FARP Conorfamide-Sr2 Conus spurius Mollusc P85871
FARP Conorfamide-Sr3 Conus spurius Mollusc P0DM28
FARP Conorfamide-Tx1 Conus textile Mollusc P0DM26
FARP Conorfamide-Tx2 Conus textile Mollusc P0DM27
FARP Conorfamide-Vc1 Conus victoriae Mollusc P0DOZ7
GLP-1 c Exendin-4 Heloderma suspectum Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Helodermatidae) 8396143
GLP-1 GLP-1 like Ornithorhynchus anatinus Monotreme A0A1L3MY50
Insulin Cono-insulin Pl1 Conus planorbis Mollusc KX034591
Insulin Cono-insulin Tx1 Conus textile Mollusc A0A0B5A7N8
Insulin Cono-insulin Tx2 Conus textile Mollusc KX034587
Insulin Cono-insulin Bn1 Conus bandanus Mollusc KX034581.1
Insulin Cono-insulin Eb1 Conus eburneus Mollusc KX034589
Insulin Cono-insulin Eb2 Conus eburneus Mollusc KX034590
Insulin Cono-insulin F1 Conus floridulus Mollusc A0A0B5AC98
Insulin Cono-insulin F2 Conus floridulus Mollusc A0A0B5ADT9
Insulin Cono-insulin F2b Conus floridulus Mollusc A0A0B5A7N1
Insulin Cono-insulin F2c Conus floridulus Mollusc A0A0B5A7N5
Insulin Cono-insulin G1 Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5AC95
Insulin Cono-insulin G121 Conus geographus Mollusc BAO65654.1
Insulin Cono-insulin G1b Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5A8Q2
Insulin Cono-insulin G1c Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5A7P2
Insulin Cono-insulin G2 Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5ABD9
Insulin Cono-insulin G2b Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5ADT3
Insulin Cono-insulin G3 Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5A8P4
Insulin Cono-insulin G3b Conus geographus Mollusc A0A0B5AC86
Insulin Cono-insulin Im1 Conus imperialis Mollusc A0A0B5A7M7
Insulin Cono-insulin Im2 Conus imperialis Mollusc A0A0B5A8P8
Insulin Cono-insulin K1 Conus kinoshitai Mollusc AZS18883.1
Insulin Cono-insulin K2 Conus kinoshitai Mollusc AZS18884.1
Insulin Cono-insulin M1 Conus marmoreus Mollusc A0A0B5A8Q6
Insulin Cono-insulin M2 Conus marmoreus Mollusc KX034588
Insulin Cono-insulin Me1 Conus memiae Mollusc A0A0B5ADV0
Insulin Cono-insulin Pu1 Conus pulicarius Mollusc KX034592
Insulin Cono-insulin Q1 Conus quercinus Mollusc A0A0B5ABE6
Insulin Cono-insulin Q1b Conus quercinus Mollusc A0A0B5ABE4
Insulin Cono-insulin T1 Conus tulipa Mollusc A0A0B5ADU4
Insulin Cono-insulin T2 Conus tulipa Mollusc A0A0B5AC90
Insulin Cono-insulin T2 Conus tulipa Mollusc MH879035.1
Insulin Cono-insulin T3 Conus tulipa Mollusc A0A0B5ABD5
Insulin Cono-insulin Tr1 Conus tribblei Mollusc KX034595
Insulin Cono-insulin Ts1 Conus tessulatus Mollusc KX034593
Insulin Cono-insulin Ts2 Conus tessulatus Mollusc KX034594
Insulin Cono-insulin Va1 Conus varius Mollusc KX034596
Insulin Cono-insulin Va2 Conus varius Mollusc KX034597
Insulin Cono-insulin Vc1 Conus victoriae Mollusc A0A0F7YYV0
Insulin Cono-insulin Vi1 Conus virgo Mollusc AOF40168.1
Insulin Insulin Conus lividus Mollusc ATG85034.1
Insulin Insulin partial Conus araneosus Mollusc AQM52451.1
Insulin Insulin-like protein Conus amadis Mollusc AKZ17800.1
Insulin Insulin-like protein partial Conus buxeus loroisii Mollusc AMB57283.1
Insulin Insulin-like protein partial Conus frigidus Mollusc ARU12135.1
Insulin Insulin-like protein partial Conus litteratus Mollusc ARS01446.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95338.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95359.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95374.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95395.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95461.1
Insulin Insulin-related protein Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95708.1
Insulin Tu304 Conus tulipa Mollusc 30669642
Insulin Tu478 Conus tulipa Mollusc 30669642
Insulin Tu479 Conus tulipa Mollusc 30669642
ITP/CHH d α-latrotoxin associated LMWPe Latrodectus geometricus Arachnid (spider) V9QF69
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP Latrodectus hesperus Arachnid (spider) V9QFH5
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Arachnid (spider) P49125
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP 2 Latrodectus geometricus Arachnid (spider) V9QFG7
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP 2 Latrodectus hesperus Arachnid (spider) V9QEI7
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP 2 Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Arachnid (spider) Q4U4N3
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP 2 Steatoda grossa Arachnid (spider) V9QFH8
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP SGV150-311 Steatoda grossa Arachnid (spider) V9QFG9
ITP/CHH α-latrotoxin associated LMWP SGV242-280 Steatoda grossa Arachnid (spider) V9QER4
ITP/CHH BLTX280 Nephila pilipes Arachnid (spider) A0A076KUK2
ITP/CHH k-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssd1a Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani Myriapod A0A0R4I951
ITP/CHH k-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssm1a Scolopendra mutilans Myriapod I6RU32
ITP/CHH k-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssm1d Scolopendra mutilan Myriapod I6RU46
ITP/CHH k-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssm1e Scolopendra mutilan Myriapod I6RA73
ITP/CHH µ-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssm2a Scolopendra mutilan Myriapod P0DL36
ITP/CHH U-scoloptoxin(03)-Sa1b Phoneutria nigriventer Myriapod P0DPW8
ITP/CHH U-scoloptoxin(03)-Ssd1b Polistes lanio Insect P0DPV3
ITP/CHH U1-agatoxin-Ta1a Scolopendra mutilan Myriapod O46166
ITP/CHH U1-agatoxin-Ta1b Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani Myriapod O46167
ITP/CHH U1-agatoxin-Ta1c Scolopendra alternans Myriapod O46168
ITP/CHH Venom protein 10 Microctonus hyperodae Insect A9YME6
Myoactive tetradeca-peptide Conomap-Vt Conus vitulinius Mollusc P0C260
Natriuretic peptide CNP f Philodryas olfersii Lepidosauromorpha (colubrid) Q09GK2
Natriuretic peptide CNP Bothrops insularis Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P68515
Natriuretic peptide CNP Cerastes cerastes Lepidosauromorpha (viper) A8YPR9
Natriuretic peptide CNP Crotalus atrox Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P0CV87
Natriuretic peptide CNP Crotalus durissus collilineatus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) Q2PE51
Natriuretic peptide CNP Crotalus durissus terrificus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) Q90Y12
Natriuretic peptide CNP Echis ocellatus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) A8YPR6
Natriuretic peptide CNP Gloydius blomhoffii Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P01021
Natriuretic peptide CNP Lachesis muta muta Lepidosauromorpha (viper) Q27J49
Natriuretic peptide CNP Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii Lepidosauromorpha (viper) B0VXV8
Natriuretic peptide CNP Trimeresurus gramineus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P0C7P6
Natriuretic peptide CNP 2 Takifugu rubripes Actinopterygii Q805D5
Natriuretic peptide CNP 39 Ornithorhynchus anatinus Monotreme P84715
Natriuretic peptide Tf-CNP Protobothrops flavoviridis Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P0C7P5
Natriuretic peptide Natriuretic peptide Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus Lepidosauromorpha (colubrid) D1MZV3
Natriuretic peptide Natriuretic peptide Heloderma horridum Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Helodermatidae) E8ZCG5
Natriuretic peptide Natriuretic peptide Heloderma suspectum cinctum Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Helodermatidae) C6EVG7
Natriuretic peptide Natriuretic peptide Micrurus altirostris Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) F5CPE8
Natriuretic peptide AsNP-a (Fragment) Austrelaps superbus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) A8S6B3
Natriuretic peptide BF131 Bungarus flaviceps flaviceps Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) D5J9S0
Natriuretic peptide BM026 Bungarus multicinctus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P0DMD5
Natriuretic peptide CnNP-a (Fragment) Cryptophis nigrescens Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q1ZYW1
Natriuretic peptide CnNP-b (Fragment) Cryptophis nigrescens Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q1ZYW0
Natriuretic peptide Coa_NP1 Crotalus oreganus abyssus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) B3EWY3
Natriuretic peptide Coa_NP2 Crotalus oreganus abyssus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) B3EWY2
Natriuretic peptide DNP Dendroaspis angusticeps Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P28374
Natriuretic peptide DNP-2 Dendroaspis angusticeps Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q8QGP7
Natriuretic peptide GNP1 Varanus varius Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Anguidae) Q2XXL8
Natriuretic peptide HsNP-a (Fragment) Hoplocephalus stephensii Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAE6
Natriuretic peptide HsNP-b (Fragment) Hoplocephalus stephensii Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAE5
Natriuretic peptide Mc-NP Micrurus corallinus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P79799
Natriuretic peptide Mf-NP Micrurus fulvius Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) B8K1V9
Natriuretic peptide Na-NP Naja atra Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) D9IX97
Natriuretic peptide NP2 Crotalus durissus cascavella Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P0DKY6
Natriuretic peptide NsNP-a (Fragment) Notechis scutatus scutatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAE8
Natriuretic peptide NsNP-b (Fragment) Notechis scutatus scutatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAE7
Natriuretic peptide Oh-NP Ophiophagus hannah Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) D9IX98
Natriuretic peptide OmNP-d (Fragment) Oxyuranus microlepidotus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF8
Natriuretic peptide OmNP-e (Fragment) Oxyuranus microlepidotus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF7
Natriuretic peptide OsNP-d (Fragment) Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAX8
Natriuretic peptide PaNP-a (Fragment) Pseudechis australis Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF5
Natriuretic peptide PaNP-b (Fragment) Pseudechis australis Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF4
Natriuretic peptide PaNP-c (Fragment) Pseudechis australis Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF3
Natriuretic peptide PaNP-d (Fragment) Pseudechis australis Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF2
Natriuretic peptide PNP Pseudocerastes persicus Lepidosauromorpha (viper) P82972
Natriuretic peptide PpNP-a (Fragment) Pseudechis porphyriacus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF1
Natriuretic peptide PpNP-b (Fragment) Pseudechis porphyriacus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF0
Natriuretic peptide PtNP-a (Fragment) Pseudonaja textilis Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAF6
Natriuretic peptide TcNP-a (Fragment) Tropidechis carinatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) Q3SAE9
Natriuretic peptide TNP-a Oxyuranus microlepidotus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83224
Natriuretic peptide TNP-a Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83226
Natriuretic peptide TNP-a Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83225
Natriuretic peptide TNP-b Oxyuranus microlepidotus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83227
Natriuretic peptide TNP-b Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83229
Natriuretic peptide TNP-b Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83228
Natriuretic peptide TNP-c Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83231
Natriuretic peptide TsNP Tityus serrulatus Arachnid P0DMD6
Natriuretic peptide natriuretic/ helokinestatin-Cwar1 Celestus warreni Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Anguidae) E2E4J4
Natriuretic peptide natriuretic/ helokinestatin-Ginf1 Gerrhonotus infernalis Lepidosauromorpha (lizard; Anguidae) E2E4J3
Natriuretic peptide Peptide TNP-c Oxyuranus microlepidotus Lepidosauromorpha (elapid) P83230
Neuropeptide Y Cono-NPY Conus praecellens Mollusc 28922871
Neuropeptide Y Cono-NPY-Gm Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Actinopterygii P0DP55
Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y1 Conus betulinus Mollusc P0CJ22
Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y2 Conus betulinus Mollusc P0CJ23
Neurotensin Contulakin G Conus geographus Mollusc Q9XYR5
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Cn Conus consors Mollusc 22079299
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus andremenezi Mollusc ATF27388.1; ATF27387.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus araneosus Mollusc ATJ04126.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus buxeus loroisii Mollusc ATJ04131.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus ebraeus Mollusc ATJ04127.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus ermineus Mollusc AXL95508.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus geographus Mollusc P05486
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus imperialis Mollusc 7940591
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus lividus Mollusc ATJ04129.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus monile Mollusc QDE14046.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin G Conus praecellens Mollusc ATF27585.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin S Conus striatus Mollusc P05487
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin T Conus tulipa Mollusc P0DL76
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx Conus textile Mollusc P86255.1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx1 Conus textile Mollusc P02716
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus ermineus Mollusc A0A346CJ19
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus lenavati Mollusc A0A0K8TTS0
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus lividus Mollusc A0A291NVW3
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus miles Mollusc A0A291NVU9
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus monile Mollusc A0A4Y5X186
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus textile Mollusc Unpublished
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Tx2 Conus tribblei Mollusc A0A0C9RYL1
Neuro-hypophyseal Conopressin Vil Conus villepinii Mollusc P85141
Prohormone-4 PH4 Conus andremenezi Mollusc 28922871
Prohormone-4 PH4 Conus praecellens Mollusc 28922871
Prohormone-4 PH4-Gm1 Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
Prohormone-4 PH4-Gm2 Conus gloriamus Mollusc 28531118
Prohormone-4 PH4-Vc1 Conus victoriae Mollusc A0A0F7YYX3
Prohormone-4 Prohormone-4 like Octopus vulgaris Mollusc XP 029651323.1
Tachykinin Eledoisin Eledone cirrhosa Mollusc P62933
Tachykinin Eledoisin Eledone moschata Mollusc P62934
Tachykinin Oct-TK-I Octopus vulgaris Mollusc Q8I6S3
Tachykinin Oct-TK-II Octopus vulgaris Mollusc Q8I6S2
Tachykinin PhM1 Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) 15573368
Tachykinin Sialokinin I Aedes aegypti Insect P42634
Tachykinin Sialokinin II Tachykinin-like Aedes aegypti Insect P42634
Tachykinin peptide-I (PllTkP-I) Tachykinin-like Polistes lanio Insect P85879
Tachykinin peptide-II (PllTkP-II) Polistes lanio Insect P85880
Tachykinin Tachykinin-like peptide-IX (PnTkP-IX) Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) P86306
Tachykinin Tachykinin-like peptide-VI (PnTkP-VI) Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) P86303
Tachykinin Tachykinin-like peptide-X (PnTkP-X) Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) P86307
Tachykinin Tachykinin-like peptide-XI (PnTkP-XI) Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) P86308
Tachykinin Tachykinin-like peptide-XIII Phoneutria nigriventer Arachnid (spider) P86310
a

CCAP, Crustacean cardioactive peptide;

b

FARP, FMRFamide related peptide family;

c

GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide 1;

d

ITP/CHH, Ion transport peptide/crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone;

e

LMWP, low molecular weight protein;

f

CNP, C-type natriuretic peptide; Genbank accession number are underlined, in bold.