Table 1.

Most representative examples of antibiotic coatings on orthopedic implants.

Implant	Antibiotic	Coating technology	Results	References
Tibia nails	Gentamicin	Poly(D, L-lactide) with “dipcoating process”	Clinical trial	[46,47]
(Palacos R+G; Heraeus Medical, Wehrheim, Germany)	Gentamicin	Antibiotic -impregnated bone cement	Clinical trial	[45]
Titanium	Vancomycin	Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel covalently bound to Ti	Sustainable drug release (no initial burst release) In vivo rabbit model of S. aureus infection	[44]
Tialloy TiAl6V4 rods (Konigsee Implantate GmbH, Germany	Gentamicin	Plasma chemical oxidized	In vivo rat osteomyelitis model S. aureus inoculum High prophylactic effect on implant-related osteomyelitis	[48]
PEEK implants	Gentamicin	LbL self-assembled	Degradable multilayers that sequentially deliver the antibiotic and the osteoinductive growth factor (BMP-2). In vivo rat model infected with S. aureus	[50]
Locking peg titanium	Linezolid-rifampin	Nanofiber coating by electrospun	In vivo rabbit model of orthopedic implant-associated infection (OIAI)	[49]
Titanium	Antimicrobial peptide (Melamine)	Covalent bonding surface	In vivo females mice with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	[56]
Tialloy	Gentamicin	Anodized Ti Nanotubes	Controlled-antibiotic release. In vitro studies against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In vivo osteomyelitis rabbit model infected with S. aureus	[51–53]