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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Healthc Mater. 2020 May 25;9(13):e2000310. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202000310

Table 3.

3D antimicrobial scaffolds: scaffolds loaded with antibiotics. Mechanism: sustained and local release of antibiotics for prevention or treatment of bacterial infection.

Scaffold composition Antimicrobial agent Fabrication technique Results References
Synthetic organic biopolymers Poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/polylactic acid Tetracycline hyd rochloride Thermally induced phase separation technique In vitro and in vivo studies: rat femoral defect model for bone formation assessment [106]
Polyethylene terephthalate fibrous matrix surface phosphorylated with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Ciprofloxacin Wet spinning for the preparation of the virgin PET fibrous matrix, then surface phosphorylation and in situ free radical-initiated polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [107]
Electrospun PCL nanofibers decorated with PLGA) particles Rifampicin Electro-hyd rodynamic technique In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [108]
Electrospun fibers of poly(L-lactide) aminolyzed and added to a hydrogel scaffold of silk fibroin/oxidized pectin Vancomycin Electro-hydrodynamic technique In vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [109]
Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) and PEG Roxithromycin Melt electro-hydrodynamic 3D printing In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [110]
Inorganic scaffolds Nanocrystalline apatite uniformly embedded into mesostructured SiO2-CaO-P2O5 glass wall of hierarchical meso-macroporous 3D scaffolds (MGHA nanocomposite) Levofloxacin Rapid prototyping technique In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus biofilm [111]
Mg-Ca-TiO2 (MCT) composite scaffolds Doxycycline Space holder method In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [112]
Bioactive monticellite scaffolds Ciprofloxacin Space holder method In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [113]
Composites polymer/biocera mie scaffolds Nanocomposite bioceramic formed by particles of nanocrystalline apatite embedded into amorphous mesoporous bioactive glass in the SiO2-P2O5-CaO system and polyvinyl alcohol. Hierarchical 3D scaffold coated with gelatin-glutaraldehyde Rifampin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin Rapid prototyping technique In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli biofilms [114]
Gelatin/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite porous scaffolds Vancomycin Freeze-casting method In vitro antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis
In vivo chronic osteomyelitis models of rabbits
[115]
Mesoporous bioactive glass combined with poly-(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Vancomycin Freeze-drying fabrication In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus [116]
Polylactide and nanoHA-graft-polylactide Vancomycin Electrospinning In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus [117]
Polyhyd roxybutyrate/poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/sol–gel-derived silica scaffolds Levofloxacin Electrospinning In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [118]
Biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan Levofloxacin Sintering-free robocasting deposition as additive manufacturing technique. The addition of levofloxacin to the extrudable inks is possible due to the nonexistence of a sintering step In vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strain from culture collection and one clinical isolate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [119]
PCL/HA nanocrystals (composite slurry) and hyaluronic acid/gelatin (hydrogel-based bioink) Rifampin, daptomycin, and viable macrophages 3D bioprinting, which makes possible the incorporation of cells In vivo mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy-associated biofilm infection [120]