Table 3.
Scaffold composition | Antimicrobial agent | Fabrication technique | Results | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic organic biopolymers | Poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/polylactic acid | Tetracycline hyd rochloride | Thermally induced phase separation technique | In vitro and in vivo studies: rat femoral defect model for bone formation assessment | [106] |
Polyethylene terephthalate fibrous matrix surface phosphorylated with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | Ciprofloxacin | Wet spinning for the preparation of the virgin PET fibrous matrix, then surface phosphorylation and in situ free radical-initiated polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [107] | |
Electrospun PCL nanofibers decorated with PLGA) particles | Rifampicin | Electro-hyd rodynamic technique | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [108] | |
Electrospun fibers of poly(L-lactide) aminolyzed and added to a hydrogel scaffold of silk fibroin/oxidized pectin | Vancomycin | Electro-hydrodynamic technique | In vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) | [109] | |
Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) and PEG | Roxithromycin | Melt electro-hydrodynamic 3D printing | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [110] | |
Inorganic scaffolds | Nanocrystalline apatite uniformly embedded into mesostructured SiO2-CaO-P2O5 glass wall of hierarchical meso-macroporous 3D scaffolds (MGHA nanocomposite) | Levofloxacin | Rapid prototyping technique | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus biofilm | [111] |
Mg-Ca-TiO2 (MCT) composite scaffolds | Doxycycline | Space holder method | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [112] | |
Bioactive monticellite scaffolds | Ciprofloxacin | Space holder method | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [113] | |
Composites polymer/biocera mie scaffolds | Nanocomposite bioceramic formed by particles of nanocrystalline apatite embedded into amorphous mesoporous bioactive glass in the SiO2-P2O5-CaO system and polyvinyl alcohol. Hierarchical 3D scaffold coated with gelatin-glutaraldehyde | Rifampin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin | Rapid prototyping technique | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli biofilms | [114] |
Gelatin/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite porous scaffolds | Vancomycin | Freeze-casting method | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis
In vivo chronic osteomyelitis models of rabbits |
[115] | |
Mesoporous bioactive glass combined with poly-(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Vancomycin | Freeze-drying fabrication | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus | [116] | |
Polylactide and nanoHA-graft-polylactide | Vancomycin | Electrospinning | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus | [117] | |
Polyhyd roxybutyrate/poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/sol–gel-derived silica scaffolds | Levofloxacin | Electrospinning | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [118] | |
Biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan | Levofloxacin | Sintering-free robocasting deposition as additive manufacturing technique. The addition of levofloxacin to the extrudable inks is possible due to the nonexistence of a sintering step | In vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strain from culture collection and one clinical isolate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) | [119] | |
PCL/HA nanocrystals (composite slurry) and hyaluronic acid/gelatin (hydrogel-based bioink) | Rifampin, daptomycin, and viable macrophages | 3D bioprinting, which makes possible the incorporation of cells | In vivo mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy-associated biofilm infection | [120] |