Table 1. A comparison of the accelerator facilities in the Biophysics Collaboration.

Name	Status	Location	Accelerator	Ions	Maximum energy
FAIR	Under construction (starts 2025)	Darmstadt, Germany	Synchrotron (100 Tm)	H to U	~10 GeV/n
GSI	In operation in FAIR-phase-0	Darmstadt, Germany	Synchrotron (18 Tm)	H to U	~1 GeV/n
NICA	Under construction	Dubna, Russia	Synchrotron	Up to Au	Up to 4.5 GeV/n for Au, up to 800 MeV/n for biomedical applications
iThemba	In operation; under upgrade	Cape Town, South Africa	Cyclotron	H	200 MeV. A 70 MeV cyclotron will be used for isotopes
HIMAC	In operation	Chiba, Japan	Synchrotron	He to Fe	~400 MeV/n for C-ions
GANIL	In operation	Caen, France	Cyclotrons	H to U	95 MeV/n
MI2B	In operation	France	Network of different small accelerators	H, He	~70 MeV
SPES	Under construction at LNL-INFN	Legnaro, Italy	Cyclotron	H	70 MeV
LNS-INFN	In operation; under upgrade	Catania, Italy	Cyclotron	H to Au	80 MeV/n (H to Ne), 50 MeV/n (Au)
CNAO	In operation	Pavia, Italy	Synchrotron	H and C	250 MeV (H), 400 MeV/n (C)
HIT	In operation	Heidelberg, Germany	Synchrotron	H, He, C, and O	480 MeV (H), 430 MeV (He to O)
KVI-CART	In operation	Groningen, The Netherlands	Cyclotron	H to Pb	190 MeV (H), 90 MeV/n (He to O), 75 MeV/n (Ne)

Highlighted in yellow are the facilities with clinical operation.